LITMIC ACID. 



LITUUS. 



310 



vice at the foot of the bed serving as a fulcrum, and the upper piece is 

 struck with a hammer and the calculus broken. Thus, neither the shock 

 arising from the concussion is communicated to the bladder, nor is this 

 organ liable to be injured by the fragments being forcibly projected 

 against its internal surface. The instruments are then withdrawn, and 

 the fragments are afterwards voided with the urine ; or if any remain 

 too large to be thus discharged, the operation is repeated from time to 

 time till all is got rid of. It were to be desired that an operation so 

 simple, productive of so little pain, and so entirely free from the dangers 

 attendant on the operation of lithotomy, was more generally applicable 

 than it is found to be, but it is subject to the following disadvantages. 

 The patient does not obtain a cure at once, and in many instances the 

 operation is required to be repeated several times ; and as the smallest 

 fragment which remains behind will form the nucleus of a new stone, 

 a recurrence of the disease is more likely to take place after this 

 operation than after lithotomy. It is unfit for calculi formed on 

 extraneous substances which have entered the bladder, for encysted or 

 adherent calculi, for large or very hard calculi, for patients with 

 enlarged prostate gland or diseased bladder, and for children. The 

 accidents liable to arise from the operation are generally less grave 

 than those to which the operation of lithotomy is subject; two of the 

 most serious that have taken place are perforation of the coats of the 

 bladder and the breaking of the instrument within this viscus. But 

 where' the stone is small and not too hard, and other favourable cir- 

 cumstances are present, we imagine few could be found who would 

 not give it the preference over the operation of lithotomy. 



LITMIC ACID. [LICIIEXS, COLOURING MATTERS OF.] 



LITMUS. [LICHENS, COLOURING MATTERS OF.] 



LITMUS, Medical Uses of. [ROCHELLA TINCTORIA.] 



LITRE, the French standard measure of capacity in the metrical 

 system. It is a cubic decimetre, or a cube whose sides are each 3'9371 

 English inches. It contains 61'0280 English cubic inches, for four 

 litres and a half make, roughly speaking, an imperial GALLON. The 

 litre is therefore a little less than our quart : more precisely, it is 

 22009687 of a gallon. 



LITURGY (from the Greek \eirovpyla, which originally signified at 

 Athens " certain public functions or duties to which the citizens were 

 personally liable ") is a form of public devotion, and more particularly 

 the Office of Common Prayer used in our own church. In the Greek 

 or Constantinopolitan church three Liturgies are in use, those of 

 Basil, Chrysostom, and the Liturgy of the Pncsanctified. In the 

 Romish church the Liturgy is divided into several books or offices, 

 as the breviary, the ceremoniale, or office peculiar to the pope ; the 

 missal, or office of the mass ; the pontificate, directing the functions of 

 the bishops; and the rituale, or pastorale, for the guidance of the 

 simple priests. The Spanish is better known by the name of the 

 Mozarabic Liturgy. The Ambrosiau Liturgy is that more particularly 

 in use in the church of Milan. In France the church of St. Martin 

 at Tours had a breviary of its own, which was neither the Roman nor 

 that of Tours ; and the same difference obtained at St. Quintin and in 

 other Gallican churches. 



At the Reformation all the Protestant churches on the continent, 

 without a single exception, introduced Liturgies for the more uniform 

 celebration of divine service. 



Previous to the Reformation of the Church of England the service 

 was performed in Latin, and different Liturgies were used with us, 

 also, in different parts of the kingdom. The cathedrals of York, 

 Lincoln, Hereford, and Bangor, and even Aberdeen in Scotland, had 

 their respective uses ; but no cathedral had such a variety of service 

 books for its use as Sarum. " Use " was another name for the Ordi- 

 nale, or complete service of the church of Salisbury, instituted by 

 bishop Osmund in 1077. It was also named the Consuetudinary ; and 

 in Knighton's and Hi^den's time it obtained almost all over England, 

 Wales, and Ireland. The whole province of Canterbury adopted it, and 

 in right of it the bishop of Salisbury was precentor in the college of 

 bishops whenever the archbishop of Canterbury performed divine 

 service. (Lyndwood, ' Provinc. de feriis ' c. ult.) 



The publication of king Henry the Eighth's ' Primer ' in 1535, in the 

 vernacular tongue, was one of the first steps in the reformation of 

 doctrine and worship in the Church of England. It was followed in 

 1537 by ' The Godly and Pious Institution of a Christian Man,' con- 

 taining a declaration of the Lord's Prayer, the Ave Maria, the Creed, 

 the Ten Commandments, the Seven Sacraments, &c., republished with 

 corrections and alterations in 1540 and 1543. In 1546 a second 

 ' Primer ' came out ; and in 1547, 1st Edward VI., archbishop Cramner, 

 bishi >p Ridley, with eleven other' bishops and eminent divines, were 

 commissioned by the king in council to compile a Liturgy in the 

 English language free from the erroneous doctrines by which the 

 Latin Liturgies of the church, while unreformed, had been distinguished. 

 This was confirmed by parliament in 1548, and published in 1549. In 

 I'ifil it was slightly revised, and again confirmed in parliament ; but 

 both this and the former act of 1548 were repealed on the 1st of 

 Mary, as not agreeable to the principles of the Romish Church, which 

 he was about to restore. Upon the accession of Elizabeth the act of 

 repeal was reversed; several learned divines, headed by archbishop 

 Parker, were appointed to make another review of King Edward's 

 Liturgies, when the restoration of the second book of King Edward VI. 

 was determined upon, and finally confirmed by parliament. The Act 



received the royal assent April 29th, 1559. In the 1st of James I., 

 after the conference at Hampton Court between that prince with 

 Archbishop Whitgift and other bishops and divines on one side, and 

 Dr. Reynolds, with some other puritans on the other, a few slight 

 alterations were introduced, the chief of which consisted in adding 

 some forms of Thanksgiving at the end of the Litany, and an addition 

 to the Catechism concerning the sacraments ; and in the rubric in the 

 beginning of the office for private baptism the words " lawful minister " 

 were inserted to prevent midwives or laymen from presuming to 

 baptise. Charles I. made some slight alterations also, by his sole 

 authority. Under the Commonwealth the use of the Liturgy was 

 generally discontinued. Charles II., in 1661, issued a commission to 

 empower twelve bishops and as many Presbyterian divines to consider 

 of the objections raised .. . lust the Liturgy, and to make such reason- 

 able and necessary alterations as they should jointly agree upon ; nine 

 assistants on each side being added to supply the place of any of the 

 twelve principals who should happen to be absent. On the episcopal 

 side were Dr. Fruen, archbishop of York, Dr. Sheldon, bishop of 

 London, Dr. Cosin, bishop of Durham, Dr. Warner, bishop of Chichester, 

 Dr. Henchman, bishop of Salisbury, Dr. Morley, bishop of Worcester, 

 Dr. Sanderson, bishop of Lincoln, Dr. Laney, bishop of Peterborough, 

 Dr. Walton, bishop of Chester, Dr. Stern, bishop of Carlisle, and Dr. 

 Gauden, bishop of Exeter. On the Presbyterian side were Dr. Reynolds, 

 bishop of Norwich, Dr. Tuckney, Dr. Conant, Dr. Spurstow, Dr. Wallis, 

 Dr. Manton, Mr. Calamy, Mr. Baxter, Mr. Jackson, Mr. Case, Mr. Clark, 

 Mr. Newcomen. The coadjutors on the Episcopal side were Dr. Earles, 

 dean of Westminster, Dr. Heylin, Dr. Hackett, Dr. Barwick, Dr. 

 Gunning, Dr. Pearson, Dr. Pierce, Dr. Sparrow, and Mr. Thorndike. 

 Those on the Presbyterian side, Dr. Horton, Dr. Jacomb, Mr. Bates, 

 Mr. Rawlinson, Mr. Cooper, Dr. Lightfoot, Dr. Colins, Dr. Woodbridge, 

 Mr. Drake. These commissioners held several meetings at the Savoy, 

 but to little purpose. The king's commission gave them no further 

 power than to " compare the Common-Prayer Book with the most 

 ancient Liturgies that had been used in the church in the most primi- 

 tive and purest times ; " and required them " to avoid as much as 

 possible all unnecessary alterations of the forms and Liturgy wherewith 

 the people were altogether acquainted, and had so long received in the 

 Church of England." The Presbyterians, however, would not allow 

 that the Liturgy was capable of amendment, and Baxter had prepared 

 and offered one of his own to be substituted in its room. The Con- 

 ference at length broke up without anything being done, except that 

 some particular alterations were proposed by the Episcopal divines, 

 which in the May following were considered and agreed to by the 

 whole clergy in convocation. The principal of them were, that several 

 lessons in the Calendar were changed for others more proper for the 

 days ; the prayers for particular occasions were disjoined from the 

 Liturgy, and the two prayers to be used in the Ember-week, the prayer 

 for the parliament, that for all conditions of men, and the general Thanks- 

 giving were added ; several of the Collects were altered ; the Epistles 

 and Gospels were taken out of the last translation of the Bible, being 

 read before according to the old translation ; but the older version of 

 the Psalms was retained ; the office for baptism of those of riper years, 

 and the Forms of Prayer to be used at sea, were added. In a word, 

 the whole Liturgy was then brought to that state in which it now 

 stands ; and was unanimously subscribed by both houses of convocation 

 of both provinces oil Friday, 20th of December, 1661 ; and being 

 brought to the House of Lords the March following, both Houses passed 

 an Act for its establishment ; the Earl of Clarendon, then lord chan- 

 cellor, was ordered to return the thanks of the lords to the bishops and 

 clergy of both provinces for the great care and industry shown in tho 

 review of it; and it received the king's assent on May 19, 1662. 



Among what are called the Additional Manuscripts in the British 

 Museum is ' An Apparatus of Materials,' in forty-five volumes, being a 

 collection of notes and observations on the Liturgy, aud various other 

 subjects connected with the offices of the church, by a clergyman of 

 the Church of England, who directed them to be deposited in that 

 institution, but that his name should remain unknown. These volumes 

 were- deposited in the British Museum in 1791. 



Within the last few years several .attempts have been made, but 

 hitherto successfully opposed by the heads of the church, to obtain a 

 revision of the Liturgy, the objections stated to it being that it is too 

 long, and has too many repetitions, for one service, to which others 

 add that particular parts require alteration or modification. 



LI'TU US, a name given_to a spiral thus described : Let a variable 

 circular sector always have its centre at one fixed point, and one of its 

 terminal radii in a given direction. Let the area of the sector always 

 remain the same ; then the extremity of the other terminal radius 

 describes the lituus. The polar equation of this spiral is r'6 = a. 



LI'TUUS, a crooked statf resembling a crozier, used by the augurs 

 among the ancient Romans in making their observations on the 

 heavens, hence called the A u;/ural lituus. Dr. E. D. Clarke asserts that 

 there was an older lituus, called the Regal or Quirinal litu-us, which the 

 ancient kings of Italy held as a sceptre in their hands long before the 

 tune of Romulus or the institution of the Augurate, particularly 

 mentioned by Donatus and Servius in their Commentaries upon Virgil. 



The lituus is often represented on Etruscan and Roman works of art. 

 A sort of horn or trumpet, the end of which was curved, and which 

 emitted a sharp shrill sound, was also called a lituus. It was used for 



