(WOODi 



LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE. 



81 



Most Cniurian divines octmHer it to be used either for Ood himself, 

 or a* an abstract term for the wisdom and intelligence of God which 

 wu fully imparted to Christ to fit him for his mission. 



Those who attribute to the Logos a personal existence give different 

 nura, for the origin of the name. Some explain it to mean the 

 malt or taaein-. bv metonymy, a* Christ is called by John the Light, 



and others consider that at speech (**>f ) is a mraimm of rational com- 

 munication, so the name Logo, is given to the Mediator between Ood 

 ind man. on* who sneaks to man in the name of Ood. 



,The Lexicons of Schleuaner. Wshl, and BreUchnelder, in lofo ; 

 Kuinoel. Oommtntl. i /-'. II"'. A'. T.. I'nbyomoM in Jokan., sect 7 ; 

 Lock* en At Bputln of JJ>*. in the Hiblical CMntl.f. 102 ; Dr. J. P. 

 Smith's Striken TaHmomy to the J/ranaA ; Lardner's Letter on the Logot, 

 Wtrh, vol. x.) 



LOGWOOD. [HjtsUToxTLOS.l 



LOLLAKDS, a religious sect which arose in Germany at the begin- 

 ning of the 14th century, and differed in many poinU of doctrine from 

 the church of Rome, more especially as regarded the mass, extreme 

 unotioo, and atonement for sin. It took iU name, according to some 

 writers, from Walter Lollard, or Lolhard, who was burnt alive for these 

 doctrine* at Cologne in 1322; but it would seem that Walter rather 

 received his name from the sect, than gave a name to it The real 

 origin of the term appears to be the German lullm, /often, or lallrn, to 

 jlnav with the well-known termination of hard, which is subjoined to 

 so many German words ; and it implied a person who was continually 

 prajung Ood in sacred songs. Lollard subsequently became a term of 

 reproach for all heretics, who were supposed to conceal erroneous 

 doctrines under the appearance of piety. In England, at the close of 

 the 1 4th century, the earliest source was the invectives against the 

 clergy hi the poem by LangUnd of ' The Vision of Piers Ploughman,' 

 and the name was afterwards bestowed on the followers of Wycliffe. 

 Knighton, noticing the success of that reformer's doctrines (Twysd. 

 Script' x. col. 2664), says, " more than half of the people of England 

 in .1 few yean became Lollards." 



'! BAKD, an ancient name in England for a banker. It was 

 derived from the Langobardi, or Lombards, a company of Italian 

 merchanU, the great money-changers and usurers of the 13th century, 

 who settled in England before the year 1274, and took up their first 

 rmiihipt*! in a street of the city, still called, from them, Lombard 

 Street. They appear to have been first employed in England as bankers 

 or money agenU for the popes, and in the reign of Edward I. there were 

 four companies of Sieneee merchanU settled in London, under the title 

 of Campsores Papas. 



Stowe, in hi* ' Survey of London,' says, " Then have ye Lombard 

 Street, so called of the Longobardt and other merchanU, strangers of 

 diverse nations, assembling there twice every day," which had that 

 name certainly before the time of Edward 1 1. The meeting of which 

 merchanU and others there continued until the 22nd of December in 

 UM year IMS, " on the which day the said merchanU began to make 

 their meetings at the Bourse, a place then new builded for that pur- 

 pose in the ward of Cornhill, and was since by her majesty, Queen 

 klhn^rth named the Royal Exchange." 



The Italian* were not only bankers and money-lenders, but wealthy 

 merchanU ; and afforded the assistance of their capital by advances for 

 wool and other productions of the country, on terms which often occa- 

 sioned oompUints of usury against them. Under the protection of the 

 pop* they uiotprred for a considerable time ; but the loans advanced 

 bv them to Edward III. (who had made the Bardi and Peruui, mer- 

 chants of Florence, hit agents, hit revenue* and wools going through 

 their hand*, while they furnished his expenses during the war with 

 France) so far exceeded the reoeipU, that he owed to one firm 180,000 

 and to the other 1 35,000 marks. These sums they lost ; and the occur- 

 rence greatly abook the confidence of the Lombard bankers. They 

 continued, however, to follow their trade, and when Henry VI. 

 borrowed money of them, they bad the custom*, mortgaged to them 

 for security. 



ml, in ArrluTd-iin . v..l. xxviii. 1*39.) 

 'I'.AIM'K :K. [Hoju.xMo.cr..] 



(>. a character used in old music, formed of a breve with a 



and equal in time, or duration, to two breves, or four semi-breves, 4c. 

 It is rarely met with in compositions of later date than the middle of 

 UM 17th century, and is now hardly known, except to the musical 

 antiquary. 



Hull more obsolete is the LARGE, a character nearly in the abort 

 form, but UM bead it much more extended. *. : 



This U UM longest note ever uaed in musical notation, and equal to 



two I nags, four breves, <. 



i,.l I.ATITfDE. These term* menn different 

 tittap M applied to a point of the earth or a star in the heavens ; and 



we must accordingly distinguish between geographical latitude and 

 longitude and nleilial latitude and longitude. 



The latitude of a star in the heaven* is iU angular distance from the 

 ecliptic, measured on a great circle drawn through the star and pole of 

 the ecliptic. It differs from the DKCLINATION only in this, that the 

 ecliptic is used instead of the equator. The longitude of a star is the 

 angle made by the circle on which latitude is measured with the circle 

 which passes through the pole of the ecliptic and the vi-rn.il inU-rwction 

 of the equator and ecliptic. Thus a star on the ecliptic has no 1st 

 ami one which lies directly between a pole of the ecliptic and the vernal 

 equinox ha* no longitude. The use of celestial longitudes and latitudes 

 hat in great measure been superseded by those of right ascension* and 

 declinations. 



The meaning of the term geographical longitude U the same whether 

 we consider the earth as a sphere or a spheroid. It is the angle con- 

 tained between the plane of the meridian of the place, and that of 

 aome one meridian which is fixed on as the starting place. Thus we 

 choose the observatory of Greenwich, and the French that of Paris, as 

 being in the first meridian ; and while we express the relative position 

 of the two observatories (in longitude) by saying that Paris is 2" 20' 24" 

 ' east of Greenwich, the French describe Greenwich a-- west of 



Paris. 



It is usual to measure terrestrial longitudes in time [AxoLE ; TIME], 

 the whole circuit of the globe being supposed described (as in the 

 diurnal motion) in 24 hours. It is also usual to reckon longitudes to 

 180 east or west, without proceeding farther. Thus a motion in longi- 

 tude of 185 east will bring the traveller into 175 of west longitude. 

 In astronomical writings, however, longitudes (both geographical and 

 celestial) are measured all round the globe. 



Supposing the earth to be a sphere, the latitude of a place is the 

 angle subtended at the centre by the arc of the MKIUDUX intercepted 

 between the place and the equator. This angle is equal to the altitude 

 of the pole of the heavens at the place ; and the determination of the 

 altitude of the pole is the method usually resorted to for determining 

 the latitude. But the earth not being precisely a sphere, but a spin mid 

 [GEODESY], the zenith line (which is a perpendicular to the tangent 

 plane) does not pass exactly through the centre, and the altitude of 

 the pole is not precisely the angle subtended at tile centre by tin- an- 

 of the meridian. Still, however, the altitude of the pole is called the 

 latitude of the place ; and it must be distinctly understood thai 

 tude, astronomically determined, is the angle made by a line which i 

 vertical at the place with iU projection on the equator. The angle 

 subtended at the centre of the earth by the arc of the meridian is less 

 than the altitude of the pole by a number of seconds, equal to 



x sin twice the latitude, 



sin 1 



where is the ELtrrrirrrT. Assuming this at & the above is such a 

 proportion of 111' as the sine of twice the latitude is of unity. 



The reason why the preceding is not of more importance in the con- 

 struction of maps lies in thix, that when a large portion of the earth is 

 mapped, the scale is necessarily too small to make such an error of any 

 consequence ; and when a small portion of the earth is taken, the error 

 is nearly the same in every part of the map, and relative positions are 

 not sennbly affected. 



The method of finding longitudes and latitudes is given in the next 

 article. The history of this problem, or rather of that of finding the 

 longitude in particular, divides itself into two portions : the first, or 

 the account of the real progress of the problem, is so mixed up with 

 t'>ry of astronomy and horology, that it would be useless to 

 attempt it within any limit* which we could afford ; the second is that 

 of the speculators who have misunderstood the problem, and is not 

 worth the recital. Since, however, there are still in-rmnis who imagine 

 that some mysterious method is yet attainable, by which the longitude 

 is to be found, and since the conductors of tin- newspaper press are not 

 all sufficiently aware of the state of the problem to pn vmt the 

 insertion from time to time of paragraphs which create a most 

 erroneous impression, we shall briefly point out the source of the 

 fallacy which has misled so many persons. 



The determination of the longitude requires simply accurate instru- 

 ments for the measurement of the positions of the heavenly bodies, and 

 one or other of the two following either perfectly correct watches, or 

 perfectly accurate tables of the lunar motions. The legislature of 

 Queen Anne, which passed an Act offering a reward for the discovery 



the longitude, the problem being then very inaccurately solved, for 

 want of one or the other, good watches or lunar tables, never contem- 



llata*! *1.A !*t^n ,./- - .1 t 1 A 1 1\ 



_, l" , ~ "' "" wiimui- 



plated the invention of a method, but only the mean* of making existing 



id the legislature of George III., 



i Mitliriciitly accurate. And *.. , rB ,nu. b ,,, u u, vreoige in., 

 which repealed the former Act and substituted another, specifically 

 limited the reward to those who should either proceed by im 

 ment of chronometers or of lunar table. The rewards which were 

 given were to Harrison for the former, and to Mayer's executors for 

 the latter. The latter Act now repealed, and there does not 

 exist any parliamentary offer of a sum of money for further im- 



sot*. 



Many persons, imagining that, as in the case of the quadrature of the 

 circle, 4c., a theoretical difficulty existed, have employed themselves in 

 endeavouring to invent a method, imagining that they should obtain 



