: 01 D 



LUNACY. 



of these {Dea*l 



ay fStftothe publie revenue. 



many years a growing repugnance 

 to this method ofnUsing 



, public revenue. At length, in 1823, the last Act that 

 w_ -~~~~ by parliament for the sale of lottery ticket, contained 

 provision* for putting down all private lotteries, and for rendering 

 tnei,| the sale, in this kingdom, of all tickete or shares of tickets in any 

 foreim lottery, which Utter provision is, however, to this day, exten- 



The syetem of stote lotteries was very long carried on by the French 

 government, and was the cause of still greater demoralisation than in 

 England. State lotteries have been abolished in France. Lotteries 

 far the purpose of raiting money for state purposes are still carried on 

 m the Austrian dominions, in several of the smaller German states, 

 and by the government of the Pope. The issuing or dealing in tickete 

 for foreign lotteries in the United Kingdom is punishable as a mU- 



Lotteries have been very common in the United States, and hare 

 Wen sanctioned by the sereral states, not so much as a means of , 



rawing money for state purposes, as with the view of encouraging, as 

 they supposed, many useful objects which could only be effected by 

 raiemg at onee a large sum of money, such as canals, the establishment 

 ol schools, sod even the publication of a book. The numerous frauds 

 practised in lottery schemes in the United States have perhaps done 

 more to open the eyes of the people to the mischief resulting from 

 them than any investigation into the true principles of lotteries. A 

 distinguuhrd American lawyer, who figured in the New York State 

 Convention nearly fifty years ago, declared that though " he was no 

 Mend to lotteries, he could not admit that they were per K criminal or 

 Immoral, when authorised by law. If they were nuisances, it was in 

 the manner in which they were managed. In England, if not in 

 Franc*, there were lotteries annually instituted by government, and it 

 was considered a fair way to reach the pockets of misers and persons 

 disposed to dissipate their funds. The American Congress of 1776 

 Instituted a national lottery, and 'perhaps no body of men ever 

 surpassed them in intelligence and virtue." These remarks are 

 merely quoted in order to show what a man of high character in 

 America for integrity and knowledge thought of lotteries. . The opinion* 

 which he expressed were at that time shared by a great number, and 

 lotteries are still common in the United States, as the advertisements 

 in their nepers show. 



The lotteriet called Art-Unions are noticed under Ant-Uxioxs. 



LOUIS, or LOl'IS irolt, ;, gold coin in the old system of France, 

 first struck under Louis XIII., in 1641. Kelly says, " Louis d'ora 

 coined U -fore 17Jrt, which passed then for 20 livres, were coined at the 

 rate of 3ii J |*r I-'i i n h mark of gold, 22 carats fine ; the remedy in the 

 weight was 1 4 grains per mark, and the remedy in the alloy one-fourth 

 of a carat. These ceased to be a legal coin in France as far back as 

 1726 ; but they still continued to circulate through many parts of 

 Germany and Switzerland, where they had a fixed value, and were 

 known by the name of the old Louis d'ors." Upon the return of the 

 M funny, in 1814, the twenty-franc pieces struck by Louis 

 XVIII., in imitation of the Napoleons, received the name of l.ouix, 

 or Luuis d'or; a designation which ii like wine, given occasionally to the 

 earne coin struck by king Louis rhili]>|H>, l.ut which are more ordi- 

 narily called twenty-franc pieces. Both have been discontinued, and 

 replaced by the Napoleon. 



The old ecus, coined before 1724, were called Louis blanca, and 

 Louis d'Argent 



L<iXi>l'll"MIC M'lltAI. ( Aof<f, oblique, tffat, course), the curve 

 on which a ship sails when her course is always on one point of the 

 compass. It is called in Kngliah work* the If HI "MM : 



LUCERN (MoHtogo sortra), a plant of the Linutcan class Diadelphia 

 and order Deoandria, with a papilionaceous flower, and of the natural 

 family, of the Legumfnosst. There are many species of the M- 

 of which one is super-eminent as on artificial grass in temperate 

 climates, and a most valuable plant fur feeding cattle. U wan in high 

 repute among the ancient*. The author* l>r Rr Kmlira speak of it 

 with enthusiasm, and all over the continent of Kun.pe, wherever 



but, where it thrives, its growth is rapid and luxuriant In good deep 

 loams lucern ie the most profitable of all green crops ; when properly 

 tnsn4d, the quantity nf cattle which can be kept in good 

 Mi acre of Intern, during the whole season, exceed* U-hef. It is no 

 OOMT mown than it pushes out fresh shooU, ami wonderful as the 

 growth of clover sometimes U in a field which has been lately mown, 

 that of loom is far more rapid. Where a few iufu of l.iccrn happen to 

 U, ihry will rise a foot above the surface, while the grass and 

 which were mown at the same time, are only a very few inches 



"ft-. 



Lucwrn. sown in a soil suited to it, will last for many years, shoot- i 

 tag He root* downvarda for nourishment till they are altogether out 

 . f UM reach of .height. In the driert and most sultry weather. 

 every Made of grass droops for want of moisture, lucem hold* 

 stem, fresh aad JJTMI as in a genial spring. Tbe only encmiiii 

 plant are a wet eufceoi] and a foul surface. The first is often incurable ; 

 the latter eao U avoided by good cultivation. 



It U useless to sow lucern on very poor sands or gravel, or on wet 

 clays. The best and deepest loam must be chosen, rather light than 

 heavy, but with a good portion of vegetable earth equally dispersed 

 through it. If the ground has been trenched, so much the Ix-tter ; and 

 if the surface is covered with some inferior earth from the subsoil, it 

 will be no detriment to the crop, for it will prevent grass and weeds 

 from springing up, and save much weeding. The lucern will soon 

 strike down below it. It is not a bod practice to cover the lucei : 

 with a coat of coal-ashes or poor sand, merely to keep down the weeds, 

 where this can easily be done. 



The soil in which it is intended to sow lucem-seed should be well 

 prepared. It should be highly manured for the two or three preceding 

 crops, and deeply ploughed if not trenched. It should be perfectly 

 clean, and fur this purpose two successive crops of turnips are most 

 effectual. The turnips should be fed off with sheep. In the month of 

 March, the land having been ploughed flat and well harrowed, a very 

 small quantity of barley, not above a bushel to the acre, may be sown, or 

 rather drilled on the ground, and at the same time from 30 to 40 Ibs. 

 of lucern-seed sown broad-cast, and both harrowed in and lightly rolled. 

 .If the land will not bear to be laid flat without water-furrows, it will 

 be useless to sow lucem in it. 



As the crop comes up it must be carefully weeded ; no expense must 

 be spared to do this effectually, for success depends upon it. Win M 

 the barley is reaped, the stubble, which will probably be strong, should 

 be pulled up by the hand-hoe, or by harrowing, if the plants of hnvrn 

 be strong, and, at all events, the ground must be cleared of weeds. It 

 must not be fed off with sheep; they would bite too near the crown. 

 Lucern should always be cut as soon as the flower is formed. If it is 

 kept clear of weed* the first year, there will be little difficulty with it 

 afterwards, when the roots have become strong. The second y> 

 lucern will be fit to cut very early, and in a favourable season it may 

 be cut four or five time*. After each cutting it is useful to draw heavy 

 barrows over the land, or an instrument made on purpose resembling 

 harrows, the teeth of .which are flat, and cut the soil like small 

 coulters. It will not injure the plants, even if it divide the crown of 

 the root, but it will destroy gross and weeds. Liquid manure, whieh 

 consists of the urine of cattle and drainings of dunghills, is often spread 

 over the lucern immediately after it has been mown, and much in- 

 vigorates the next growth ; but if the land is rich to a good 

 this U scarcely necessary. The lucern will grow and thrive from seven 

 to twelve years, when it will begin to wear out, and, in spite of weeding, 

 the gross will get the upper hand of it. It should then l.e plouj.'!. 

 oil the roots carefully collected and laid in a heap with dung and limo 

 to rot, and a course of regular tillage should succeed. The same land 

 should not be sown with lucem again in less than ten or twelve years, 

 after a regular course of cropping and manuring. 



Cattle thrive upon lucern. Horses also work well upon it. Cows 

 give plenty of good milk when fed with it. In spring it ii- 

 purge cattle, which, with a little attention, is iiot unh< althy for 

 If it is given to them in too great quantities, or moist with dew. they 

 run the rink of being hoven. These inconveniences are avoided l>v 

 giving it sparingly at first, and always keeping it twenty-four 

 after it is cut, during which time it undergoes an incipient fermentation, 

 nnd the juice is partially evaporated ; instead of being less nutritive in 

 this state, it U rather more so. 



An acre of good lucern will keep four or five horses from Mny to 

 October, when cut just as the flower opens. If it should get too forward, 

 and there be more than the horses can consume, it should be made 

 into hay; but this is not the most profitable way of using it, and the 

 plant, being very succulent, takes a long time in drying. The rain 

 also is very injurious to it in a half-dry state ; for the stem is i 

 soaked with moisture, which is Blow in evajiorating. The prod 

 bay, when well nude, is very considerable, being oft- n dol>le tlm 

 weight of a good crop of clover hay. 



Many authors recommend drilling the seed of lucem ii. 

 and hoeing the intervals after each cutting. This is the best way with 

 a small patch in a garden, and when only a little is cut every day ; lint 

 in a field of some extent, the lucern, when once- well established and 

 preserved free from weeds by bond-weeding the first yeai 

 all weeds down afterwards, and the heavy harrows with sharp 

 used immediately after nn.winp, will pull up all the grass which may 

 spring up. No farmer ought to neglect having a few acres in lucern 

 on his bent land. 



UVl-;i:XAL MICUOSOH'K. 



LU'CIUA, a name formerly j-iveii to the brightest star in nnv 

 (foliation : thus we have Liu Ida Hydra', Lucid 



l.l.MI'.AIJO. IHlllTIIATIMI.] ' 



I.I N Ai'V. riiMMiniliuw of mind is perhaps the most accurate deli- 

 f the present legal meaning of this term that can be given. 

 ly a distinction was made between lunatics and idiots : a luna- 

 tic being described as one who has had understanding, l.ni from some 

 cause has lust the use of his reason; an idiot, as one who has 1 



, his nativit 



classes of persons of unsound mind nl- ..-.,, in,, 



difference* in the management of tln-ir pr..p. . now 



fallen into disuse, and therefore it will 1 , <0 of 



this article to consider the consequences to the individual of un 

 ness of mind generally. Strictly sneaking, perhaps a lunatic is one 



