835 



LUNGS, DISEASES OF THE. 



LUTE. 



388 



being in that part solid and impervious to air, percussion will afford 

 only a dull sound without resonance, and the murmur attendant on 

 respiration will be altogether wanting. Should a large bronchial tube 

 pass near the hepatized portion, the resonance of the voice in the 

 bronchus will be heard more distinctly than usual, on account of the 

 solid being a better conductor of sound than the healthy lung. 



When suppuration has taken place, the sound on percussion is also 

 dull, and the natural respiratory murmur is wanting, but in its stead a 

 loud gurgling noise is heard, resembling that produced by air passing 

 through soap-suds, called mucous rhonchva. It is perhaps occasioned 

 by pus escaping into the larger air-tubes. 



Treatment. The treatment of inflammation of the lungs must be 

 conducted on the same general principles as inflammation occurring in 

 any other part. The question of bleeding for the inflammation m this 

 disease must be decided on general principles. Many practitioners 

 avoid bleeding in this and other inflammations, unless the symptoms 

 of dyspnoea become urgent from an embarrassment of the circulating 

 organs. Even here the question arises, as to whether by weakening 

 the system by bleeding, the congestion of the lungs may not be in- 

 creased. At any rate all are agreed that having recourse to bleeding 

 jn all stages of this disease, is frequently a dangerous practice. The 

 practice most generally adopted in this country is the administration 

 of small doses of tartarised antimony and calomel every three or four 

 hours. Leeches and cupping to the chest, with blisters, have also been 

 found beneficial. The bowels, skin, and kidneys, should be acted on 

 by purgatives, diaphoretics, and diuretics. 



Inflammation ia sometimes confined to the bronchial tubes, and is 

 called bronchitis ; it may also co-exist with pneumonia. [BRONCHITIS.] 

 Mortification or gangrene of the lungs, though sometimes occurring as 

 a result of pneumonia, most frequently takes place as an independent 

 affection. It is often connected with the tuberculous condition of the 

 lungs. Great fetor of the breath, with an expectoration of dark-brown, 

 greenish, and fetid sputa, excessive debility, and a cadaverous expres- 

 sion of countenance, are the symptoms by which it is indicated. After 

 death portions of lung are found in a partially decomposed state, of a 

 dark brown or dirty greenish appearance, with a putrid smell. Occa- 

 sionally, under favourable circumstances, the mortified parts have been 

 separated and removed by expectoration, and the patients restored 

 to health ; but this is not a result which can commonly be looked for. 

 The disease has been known to occur sometimes as a consequence of 

 working in cesspools, and of long exposure to the noxious effluvia 

 attendant upon such occupations. 



Hcemoptyrii ; Spitting of Blood. Expectoration of blood may occur 

 either by exhalation from the mucous membrane of the air-tubes or 

 from the lesion of a blood-vessel. It generally occurs hi early life, 

 from the age of fifteen to thirty-five, and in the former instance may 

 be dependent upon local congestion. This determination of blood to 

 the lungs may be occasioned by the sudden suppression of some natural 

 or accidental discharge from other parts, as in suppressed or impaired 

 menstruation, or the arrest of an hiemorrhoidal discharge. Malforma- 

 tion of the chest also, by interfering with the free circulation 

 through the lungs, or an impeded transmission of blood through 

 the abdominal viscera, from the presence of tumours or ascites, may 

 likewise contribute to produce it. Sometimes it appears to be de- 

 pendent upon an altered condition of the blood itself, as in purpura 

 and some eruptive fevers ; but its most frequent cause is tubercular 

 disease of the lungs, in which it may arise in an early stage from the 

 obstruction to the circulation occasioned by the tubercles, or subse- 

 quently from the vessels participating in the ulcerative destruction. 

 An attack of haemoptysis should lead to an accurate examination of the 

 chest, in order to ascertain whether tubercles exist. 



A remarkable sympathy has been observed to exist between the 

 uterus and the organs of respiration, and .spitting of blood has some- 

 times been known to precede the appearance of the menses, and to 

 cease entirely on their accession. Sometimes it has been found to 

 supersede the discharge altogether, or to make up for a deficiency in 

 its quantity. 



An attack of haemoptysis is usually preceded by certain premonitory 

 symptoms, such as chilliness, headache, lassitude, and a quick and 

 vibrating pulse. The patient also experiences a sensation of weight 

 and constriction at the chest, with a feeling of heat and itching in it. 

 The expectoration of blood is attended with cough. Sometimes the 

 quantity brought up is very considerable, and is expelled with violence; 

 at other times the sputa are only streaked with it. The expectorated 

 blood is generally of a vermilion colour, and when in small quantities, 

 it in frothy and mixed with air. When the blood comes from the 

 stomach, it is brought up by vomiting and without cough, without the 

 frothy appearance, and is of a dark grumous character. 



Pulmonary Apoplexy. When it happens that the blood, instead of 

 being exhaled into the air-tubes, is effused into the parenehymatous 

 structure of the lungs, the name of pulmonary apoplexy is given to it. 

 One or two lobules, or a small portion of the lungs only, may be 

 affected in this manner, the structure of the part not being broken 

 down by it. When this is the case, haemoptysis may not take place. 

 Such effusions are found after death in the form of circumscribed 

 indurated masses of a dark brown colour nearly approaching to black, 

 and surrounded by the lung in a perfectly healthy state. Life not 

 being immediately destroyed in such cases, time is given for the 

 ARTS AND 8CI. DIV. VOL. V. 



absorption of the most fluid parts of the blood, which will account for 

 the indurated character of these deposits. When the effusion is more 

 extensive, large portions of the substance of the lung may be torn and 

 broken down, and haemoptysis to a very considerable and generally 

 immediately fatal extent takes place. 



One of the most common causes of pulmonary apoplexy is disease of 

 the heart, by which the circulation through the lungs is impeded and 

 oppressed with blood. The causes mentioned as conducing to 

 haemoptysis are also common to this affection, and the symptoms are 

 very similar. The plan of treatment in these affections is founded on 

 the same general principles as are applicable in any case of internal 

 haemorrhage. [HAEMORRHAGE.] 



Phthisis Pulmonalis is by far the most frequent and most fatal of 

 all diseases of the chest. [PHTHISIS PULMONALIS.] 



Malignant Diseases of Lungs. The lungs are also subject to diseases 

 of a specifically malignant nature, such as medullary sarcoma and 

 melanosis ; but these rarely occur as a primary affection. The medul- 

 lary and melanoid matter is deposited in these organs as a secondary 

 affection, in conjunetionjvith its existence in other parts . and frequently 

 in all or the majority of the organs of the body. 



Slack or Carbonaceous Matter in the Lungs. A peculiar discoloration 

 in the lungs of persons who have died after working for a long period 

 of time in coal-mines, or in mines where gunpowder is used in large 

 quantities for blasting masses of rock, has been observed. The lung is 

 found of a coal-black colour throughout, though still perfectly natural 

 in all its other characters. It also exists in connection with disease of 

 the lung, and the expectoration of persons so affected partakes of the 

 same colour. The cause of it seems to be doubtful ; but most 

 probably it arises from the inhalation and absorption of the carbon- 

 aceous matter existing in the atmosphere of such mines. 



Bony and cartilaginous tumours have been found in the lungs, and 

 the membrane surrounding the lungs (the pleura) is sometimes met 

 with converted into bone; sometimes it is studded with tubercles 

 similar to those found in the lungs of Phthisis. 



For an account of inflammation of the pleura see PLEURISY. 



LUPININ, a bitter non-azotised matter of unknown composition 

 contained in lupin seed. 



LUPULIN. [Hops ; HUMULUS, in NAT. HIST. DIV.] 



LUPUS (the Wolf), one of the old constellations, named in Aratus 

 and Ptolemy simply ^piov, " the wild beast." It was not a separate 

 constellation, but was carried in the right hand of the Centaur towards 

 the Altar. The same description is given by Hyginus. In modern 

 maps it is represented as a wolf transfixed by the spear of the Centaur. 

 It is situated between Centaurus and Ara, directly under Scorpius. 



The principal stars are as follows : 



No. in Catalogue No. in Catalogue 



Character. 

 1 



of Piazzi ( ), 

 Lacaille C. 



(98) 

 (211) 

 (248) 

 1231 c 

 12660 



of British 

 Association. 

 5118 

 4924 

 5331 

 4839 

 4987 



Magnitude. 

 3 

 4 

 4 

 4 

 4 



LUSTRUM was the name applied to a period of five solar years 

 among the Romans, and the termination of this period was generally 

 marked by great religious solemnities. A purifying sacrifice, called 

 suovetaurilia, was usually offered at this time by one of the censors in 

 the Campus Martius (Liv., i. 44) ; and the victims consisted of a cow, 

 a sheep, and a bull, which were led round the people three times and 

 then slain ; but this sacrifice was sometimes omitted on religious 

 grounds. (Liv., iii. 22.) The first of these services was solemnised at 

 Rome under King Servius, B.C. 566 ; the last under Vespasian, in 

 A.D. 74. Varro (' De Ling. Lat.,' v. 2) derives the word lustrum from 

 luere, because the farmers paid their taxes at that time ; but others, 

 with more probability, trace the 'etymology to the purifying sacrifice 

 which was then offered. 



It is well known that the most ancient Roman year consisted only of 

 10 months, or 304 days, and that this year continued to be used for 

 religious purposes. Niebuhr, in his ' History of Rome," has shown 

 that the lustrum was the period after which the beginnings of the civil 

 and religious years were made to coincide ; since five solar or civil 

 years of 365 days each, containing 1825 days, coincide with six religious 

 years of 304 days each, containing 1824 days, with the difference of 

 one day. 



In the time of Domitian the name of lustrum was given to the 



iy space of five years ( 

 1-6), and sometimes confounded it with the Greek olympiad, which 

 was only a space of four years. (Ovid, ' Pont.,' iv. 6-5 ; Martial, 

 iv. 45.) 



(Niebuhr's History of Rome, vol. i., pp. 270-280, Eng. transl.; 

 Creuzer's Abrins aer RSmischen Antiquitaten , p. 146; and the article 

 CENSOR in this work.) 



LUTE, a musical stringed instrument with frets, one of the numerous 

 varieties of the ancient cithara. Until towards the end of the 17th cen- 



