417 



MANDATE. 



MANGANESE. 



tralioo M vacant, the court presents to the emperor a list of those who 

 stand foremost oo the register, from among whom the monarch upofatti 

 one to fill up the vacancy. Sometime* when there are several candi- 

 date* equally qualified they draw lot* for the vacant office. In 

 Duhaldc* time there were 13,000 mandarin* all over the empire, 

 independent of the military mandarin*, or (uperior officer* of the army. 

 The aril mandarin* are divided into nine clisiia*, the highest of which, 

 called Chooug fhang or KO-laon, are minister* of state, counsellor* of 

 the emperor, or presidents of the supreme courts. The governor* of 

 province, rank in the second class. The secretaries of the emperor 

 belong to the third class ; the governors of cities to the fourth class, 

 and so on. Each order has its distinctive mark of dignity. All is 

 gradation and strict subordination among them. 



MANDATE, as one of the contracts of the Roman law, was consti- 

 tuted where one by special agreement, or by tacit assent, had under- 

 taken to perform some act gratuitously for another. The obligation* 

 incumbent on the mandatary, and enforced against him by law, arose, 

 not from his receiving a consideration for what he had undertaken to 

 do, but from hi* leading the mandant to believe that he would perform 

 it, and thus causing damage if he should neglect it. It is distinguished 

 from ntgotiorum grttio, where the person performing the sen-ice under- 

 take* it without authority from the person for whose behoof it is 

 undertaken ; and from I'Xolio-cunductio, where the service is remune- 

 rated. The characteristics of mandatm are briefly stated in Heineccius, 

 ' Ad. Inst,' tit. 27, snd by Gaius, iii. 155, &c. In England, mandate in 

 this simple sense is a department of the law of bailment. [BAILMENT.] 

 In Scotland there is a wide departure from the old Roman meaning of 

 the word, almost every instance where one person acts for another 

 being referred to the contract of mandate ; thus the commercial agent 

 buying and selling, and the solicitor conducting a litigation, are said to 

 be " mandatories? The case in which, by the practice of the law of 

 Scotland, the word mandate in its old sense is best exemplified, is in 

 trusts, which, instead of being subject to the complex legal peculiarities 

 which characterise the system in England, are merely treated as simple 



MANDELIC ACID. Synonymous with Formobm;oilicacui. [FORMYL ; 

 ForwubemOilic Acid.} 



MANDOLINE, a musical instrument of the lute kind, but smaller, 

 having four strings, which are tuned as those of the violin. The man- 

 doline is still met with occasionally in Italy, but has fallen into disuse 

 in most other parts of Europe. 



MAN DUKE, a musical instrument of four strings, of the lute kind, 

 no longer in use under such name. 



MANES, the name given by the Romans to souls separated from the 

 body. According to Apuleius (' De Deo Socrat.'), they were originally 

 called lemnrtt, and were divided into two kinds, laret and larva ; the 

 former being the souls of such persons a* had lived virtuous lives, and 

 the Utter of such as had been wicked, but afterwards the name of 

 manes was applied to both. [LAKES.] The etymology of manes is 

 uncertain ; itr is generally derived, by ancient grammarians, from an 

 old word, mania, signifying " good," probably in the same sense as the 

 Furies were called Eumenides by the Greeks. Some considered the 

 manes a* the good and bad genii which accompanied a man through 

 hi* life ; but this notion appears to have been introduced by the later 

 Platonista. 



The stones in the Roman burial-places and their funeral urns were 

 generally inscribed with the letters D. M. 8. that is, Du Mnil>u* 

 Sacrum, " Sacred to the Manes Gods." There are many specimens ol 

 such funeral inscriptions in the British Museum. It was the duty ol 

 the Pontifex Maximus to see that the Manes were propitiated by 

 proper ceremonies (Liv., i. 20) ; and with this object it was usual to 

 pour libations of wine on the funeral piles, and also sometimes to 

 slaughter -n""*'*, especially such as the deceased had been fond of. 

 ( I'lin., ' Ep.,' iv. 2.) The 19th of February was dedicated as an annual 

 festival to the Manes, under the title of ParentaUa, or Feralia, when it 

 was the special duty of children and heirs to offer sacrifices to the 

 Manes of their ancestors. (Ovid, ' Fast; ii. 585 ; Virgil, ' .En./ ix. 

 258; Gains, ii. 4.) 



MAXETTIA CORDIFO'LIA is a Brazilian twining plant, whose 

 roots posses* considerable emetic energy. The bark is administered in 

 Brazil in powder, in doses of 4 to 1 J drachms, and is considered a most 

 valuable remedy in dropsy and dysentery. (Lindlcy's flora Medico 

 Mo. 862, p. 432 ; Maimd'* BoUnutt, vol. ii., pi. 87.) 



MANOANATE8. [MxHOAHMl ; Manganic Acid.] 



MANOANtSK (Mn). This metal was not isolated till about tlit 

 middle of the 18th century, the natural compounds containing it 

 having been up to that time supposed to be ores of iron. It is a con 

 itituent of many minerals and, a* black oxide, occur* frequently in 

 abundance. The composition of its ores, and the localities whence 

 they are derived, will be found described under MAICOAXHE, in NAT 



: 



Metallic nunginate may be obtained, though with difficulty, bj 

 fp'*lj carbonate of nungsnes* made up into a paste with oil ant 

 sugar. For this purpose, a crucible should be lined with charcoal, the 

 cover luted on, and the whole exposed to the heat of a smith's forge 

 for a couple of hours. A button of metal is thus procured which may 

 be purified by re-igniting in a crucible with a little more of the 



Manganese is a grayish white metal of inferior lustre, is hard enough 

 o scratch steel, is very brittle, easily split, feebly magnetic, has a 

 Tanular texture, and a specific gravity of 8'OIS. When pure, it 

 peedily absorbs oxygen from the air, and is therefore most conveniently 

 :ept below the surface of naphtha. It appears to exist in two nllo- 

 ropic modifications, and combines with carbon and with silicon when 

 used in contact with those substances. In the finely divided state it 

 slowly decomposes cold water ; hot water being rapidly attacked by it, 

 with liberation of hydrogen. Most acids act upon it energetically. 

 The equivalent of manganese is 27 '57. Its specific gravity, 8-01 3. 

 Manganete and oxygen unite in seven different proportions; two of 

 he resulting compounds are, however, usually considered to be mix- 

 ures of the other oxides. They are : 



1. Protoxide MnO 



Sesquioxidc Mn,O, 



Binoxide MnO, 



Red oxide (Hansmannite) .... Mn,O, 



Varricit* Mn.O, 



Manganic acid MnO, 



Permanganic acid Mn,O, 



1. Protoxide of manganete (HaO). Manganout oxide. Obtained on 

 leating carbonate of manganese in a current of hydrogen. It is a 



green coloured powder, and if prepared at a dull red heat, has such 

 affinity for oxygen as to be spontaneously inflammable. It is a 

 powerful base, and forms stable salts with the acids. 



1 1 1 1 rated protoxide is a white precipitate produced on adding an 

 alkali to on aqueous solution of a manganous salt In contact with 

 air it rapidly absorbs oxygen and becomes brown. 



2. Setquioxide of manganete (Mn,O,) is formed when the protoxide is 

 exposed to the air. It is a feeble base, isomorphous with alumina and 

 sesquioxide of iron. 



It occurs native as braunite. Its solution in dilute sulphuric acid is 

 red, and on the addition of an alkaline sulphate, octohedral crystals are 

 deposited, resembling alum, but having Mn,O 3 in the place of Al,0,. 

 The potash salt contains Mn,O s , 380,+ KO.SO, + 24Aq. 



Jlt/drated tetquioxide is produced by exposure of the bydrated pro- 

 toxide to the air. It also occurs native. [MANGANESE, Manganile, 

 in NAT. HIST. Div.] 



3. Binoxide of manganete (MnO,). Peroxide of manganete. This 

 oxide occurs largely in nature, and is called pyrolutile by mineralogists, 

 see NAT. HIST. Div. In commerce, it is generally simply termed 

 manganete, and is largely used in the manufacture of chlorine com- 

 pounds, also to give a black colour to earthenware, and in GLASS 

 MANUFACTURE (voL iv., col. 391). 



When heated, binoxide of manganese yields up one-third of its 

 oxygen ; boiled with sulphuric acid it is converted into a salt of the 

 protoxide, oxygen here also being eliminated. 



The assay of binoxide of manganete is an important operation con- 

 nected with the manufacture of bleaching-powder. It depends upon 

 the conversion of oxalic acid into carbonic acid, by the action of the 

 oxygen that is evolved when binoxide of manganese is heated with 

 sulphuric acid. The apparatus in which it is performed is weighed 

 before and after the evolution of the carbonic acid, and the loss sus- 

 tained, that is the weight of the carbonic acid, exactly indicates the 

 weight of peroxide of manganese in the sample. 



4. Red oxide of manganete (Mn,O 4 , or MnO + Mn-Oj, or 2MnO + 

 MnO,) occurs native. [MANGANESE, Uantmannite, in NAT. HIST. Div.] 



5. Varmcite (Mn,0,, or Mu,0, + 2MnO,). See also MAXUA.N i 

 NAT. HIST. Drv. 



6. Manganic acid (MnO.,). Equal parts of caustic potash and binoxide 

 of manganese are fused together, the mass being frequently stirred to 

 promote absorption of oxygen. The resulting green mass is manganatc 

 of potato, 



7. Permanganic acid (Mn,0,). Jfypermanyanicacid. When a strong 

 solution of manganate of potash is poured into warm water, it imme- 

 diately commences to pass through several successive changes of colour, 

 and hence has received the name of mineral chameleon. The final colour 

 is a purple, and is owing to permanganate ofpotath. The latter salt is 

 however more quickly prepared by fusing binoxide of manganese with 

 caustic alkali and a nitrate or chlorate. 



The permanganates are far more stable salts than the manganate*, 

 and are mostly crystallisable. The potash salt occurs in beautiful 

 prismatic crystals. Permanganic acid may bo isolated, but not man- 

 ganic acid. 



The manganates and permanganates have of late years come into use as 

 oxidising agents, especially for purposes of disinfection, as they readily 

 yield up their oxygen to organic matter. 



Manganete and tulphur form one compound, namely, 



Sulphide of manganete (MnS). Manganout tulphidc. It occurs native 

 as manganete blende, and is precipitated of a flesh colour when an 

 alkaline sulphide is added to a solution of a manganous salt. It in 

 soluble in acetic acid, a property taken advantage of in separating man- 

 ganese from nickel and cobalt. 



The iodide, bromide, mid .(fiioricfe of manganete are unimportant salts. 



Manganete and chlorine form 



Protochlorido 

 Stxjuichlorlde 

 t Perchloridc 



MnCl 



Mn.Cl, 



10,0, 



