MANGOSTm. 



to thn. and at the MOD* time drier food be mixed with them when- 

 ever the necawity ii teen, ao harm has been done by their tree UM 

 for either (beep, pig, or cowi. 



The impmeion that mangolds are an exhauster of the toil, hat 

 a real foundation in the fact that they generally produce twice aa 

 great a crop aa awedea do ; but probably the chief cause for the belief 

 xistt in the fact that awedea are generally conaumed on the land by 

 aheep. whereas mangolda, owing to their being leaa able (in fact 

 unable) to withatand the froat, are more generally removed from the 

 land and conaumed in yard*. 



In order to protect thi crop from the frost It muat be lifted early 

 in October, and carried to heapa either in ahedi, or in pit* on the 

 ground and covered up with straw and earth. It is well to let tin-in 

 remain for n fortnight lightly covered with straw before covering them 

 ii|> with earth, aa time is thus given for ventilation, and they dry a 

 little, and are leea liable to ferment and rot when in the cloned heap. 

 They may be gradually brought into consumption from early autumn, 

 and given to all aorta of stock with perfect safety ; but it is in Inte 

 spring, and even through the summer, that their greatert value as 

 feeding stuff is teen. When swedes and turnips get tough and pithy, 

 they are still crisp and juicy, and increase in sweetnusi an they increase 

 in age. 



Fur small dairies the mangold is especially valuable, as during 

 autumn a few of the lower leaves of the plant, still good ax food, may 

 be removed from it for that purpose and given to the cows. The 

 mangold produces a poor milk, and a white butter, when given an the 

 only food. This butter has a slightly bitter taste, but it has no such 

 disagreeable taste aa when derived from the consumption of turnips or 

 ... 



MANUOSTIN (C H,,0, o r). A peculiar crystalline principle con- 

 tained in the fruit of the l.!un -inia man<j:,ttana. 



MANIA. [INSANITY: LCKACT.] 



MANICH.KANS, [MAM, in BIOO. Div.] 



MAN1CHOHD, a keyed musical instrument, of the spinnet kind, 

 siin.lar in all respect* to the el iviehord. [CLAVICHORD.] 



MANIPULATION. CHEMICAL, the mechanical operations per- 

 formed in the ohemist'a laboratory. For several such operations con- 

 nected with chemical analysis, see CHEMICAL ANALYSIS ; and for 

 further detail* in that and other descriptions of chemical manipulation, 

 eee Faraday's ' Chemical Manipulations,' and ' Handbook of Chemical 

 Manipulation ' by Ureville Williams, 1857. 



MANNA, the concrete juice of the Ornia Europtea, nnd Om IM 

 Kiiiunil'f'tliti, specie* of flowering ash which are natives of tin 

 of Kurope, growing abundantly in Sicily, Calabria, Apulia. &c The 

 juice exudis spontaneously in warm dry weather, and concretes upon 

 the bark of the tree. It, occasionally flown from the leaven, forming 

 lean, now rarely met with in commerce. The flow is thought to be 

 the result of the puncture of the Ci<vda Orni, Linn. ; Tttliijonia 0~ni, 

 Fabric. It baa a sli.ht peculiar odour, and a sweetish taste, mixed 

 with a alight degree of bitterness, and altogether leaves a disagreeable 

 impreasion. Its texture is generally granular; but the finer pieces 

 when broken are often hollow, and when examined by the microscope 

 exhibit spicular crystals. Manna is |>erfect!y soluble bdth in water 

 and In alcohol; the ci-yslal* deposited by cooling a hot spiiitn.u* 

 solution constitute a peculiar variety of sugar, which has been call, d 

 mtiKuite ; it differs however from common sug ir in not being fer- 

 mentable. According to Buchols, 100 parta of flake manna contain 

 about 60 of mannite, mixed with uncrystalliaable sugar, purgative 

 principle, gum, Ac. 



Hannite is composed of 



Front. LIcHif. 



Hydrogen . . . 68 7'02 



Carbon .... 887 40-02 



Oxygen .... 04-5 6235 



100- 



-.' :< 



Manna i* employed aa a gentle laxative, for children or persons of 

 weak habit*. It i* however seldom exhibited alone, but as an adjunct 

 to other more active medicine*, a* senna, rhubarb, ic. [KiiAXi.iitg 

 MAXNA. in NAT. HIST. Div.J 



MANX1TK (C, H,.0,,>. Mothroom Sugar, Gratadin, Fraxiwi*. 

 The juice* of many plant* contain peculiar saccharine matter called 

 mannite, which forma the principal .-.< of the drug munx i 



the uupinated juice of the //-.i.n,/ urniu. Mannite i* alt i found in 

 celery, asparagus, onions, and several kinds of fungi. It i* formed 

 in Urge quantity in the procww for preparing lactic acid, and finally it 

 Occurs in sum* description* of cider. 



Mannite i* most easily obtained in a state of purity by digesting 

 manna in hot alcohol ; on cooling the filtered solution, the mannite 

 is dcp..iud in crystals which fuse at 320', are very soluble in water 

 and poaeea* a sweet taste. Hannite may be distinguished from cane 

 ugar by forming ntlul,ma,.n.l, a i-l (C.H O., II >u ), without any 

 charring when treated with sulphuric acid ; from grape sugar it U al*o 

 <lutin S uiheU by not becoming brown when heated with solutions of 

 thealkalie*. 



Manaite U .iot susceptible of alcoholic fermentation ; nitric acid 

 COT verU it iuto saccharic aud oxalic ncid*, whilst a mixture of sulphuric 



and nitric adds transforms It into nitromannitc C,,H, ( NO 4 >, 0,.. 

 Fused with hydrate of potash it gives a mixture of fomuate, acetate, 

 and propionate of potaah : 



c n H i4n 



Mnnnltr. 



C.H.o, 



r.ll.o. + C,H. 0, + H, 



Formic srld. Acetic seid. Proplonto nrld. 



Heated with several of the acids mannite yields bodies resen 

 ethers, which under the influence of alkalies regenerate the original 

 ru-id and a body named mnnnilant (('..H^O,,,). The latter in contact 

 with water gradually assimilatea two atoms, and becomes reconverted 

 into raannitf. 



i (C^H^O,,) and Pkycitc (C,,H,,0 lt ) are saccharine 

 substances isomeric with mannite. Quarite (C,,H M 0, ) is also closely 

 nllietl with uiannite, and like the latter in converted into a detonating 

 compound, nitrw/Mrrcite, when treated with a mixture 01 

 sulphuric aciils. 



MANNITANE. [MANNITF.) 



MANCEUVItKS. ,, r MILITARY KVOLUTION8, are the move- 

 ments made by any body of troops, either acting by itself or in 

 conjunction with other bodies, for the purpose of arriving at or of 

 retiring from a field of battle, or of placing itself in a position to act 

 offensively or defensively against an enemy. 



The circumstance* attending the great movements of armies along 

 their lines of communication, and the dispositions of the troops on the 

 field of battle, are developed under the words STRATEGY a- 

 The present article will therefore comprehend merely a dencrip' 

 the manner in which the principal evolutions of a battalion of infautry, 

 a regiment of cavalry, and an entire army, are performed, and will 

 conclude with a short account of the movement* of light troop* in 

 the I, 



Kr-ilutinnt of a liattaliun, When a battalion formed in line has to 

 march in that order towards the front or rear, in order to ensure exact- 

 ness in the movement, the centre Serjeant, who is between the two 

 colours, select* two point* to inarch on under the superintendence of a 

 mounted officer. When the line of direction is determined on, he gives 

 the word " steady ; " and on the word " quick march " being given, the 

 battalion moves off, dressing by this Serjeant, who moves straight to 

 his front in this direction. To seo that the centre Serjeant preserve* 

 bis direction correctly, the serjeant-major and a mounted otlicer remain 

 halted until the line lias advanced 20 or 30 paces; tln-\ then follow- 

 in re.r. In the same way, when retiring, on the liattaliun lacing about, 

 the serjeant-major and a mounted officer pass through the r ink* and 

 place themselves behind the centre to superintend the movement, 

 While the battalion is thus moving in lin >, the two flanked companies 

 may be wheeled backwards, and made to m.nvh in files jwrpendicularly 

 to the line of the battalion, in order to cover it ; and on a halt being 

 ordered, they would face towards the enemy. 



This order of march c in of course only take place where the country 

 is open ; when partial obstacle* occur, the troops near them necessarily 

 form in file till they have passed them, and afterward* they move up 

 into the line, or the companies may advance by files or fours from the 

 right or left ; but when the obstacles are of great extent, and occur 

 frequently, it is evident that the march of the battalion should be in 

 column. 



Columns formed for this purpose are designated columns of com- 

 ponies, of aubdiviaions, and of lections, according as their breadths, or 

 the extent of their front, is equal to that of a whole, a lull, or any 

 portion of a company ; and they ore said to be at open order, at half, 

 or at quarter distance, according as the interval* between the couipanie* 

 or their divisions are equal to the whole, to one-half, or to one-quurter 

 of the breadth of the column. The order U said to be close when the 

 several divisions are at the distance of one pace only from each other 

 in the length of the column. When the company or subdivision whose 

 position is on the ri^ht of the line is in front, the left of that company 

 or subdivision U called the pivot, and the right the reverse flank, and 

 rice vend ; that is, uJitn the ri hi i in front the Ufl is n Hit 



left it in ji'Hiit i/ir rii/ht a I/if />irot, because, in rcfunnin^ line, the 

 wheel, except in wheeling backwards, must evidently be on this Hank ; 

 for if the wheel were made on the other flank, the companies would 



The wheel from line into column, and the converse, when the 

 battalion is at a halt, must obviounly b. I by causing the 



divisions to describe a quarter of a circle on their respective pivot*. 

 lint when a battalion in column is on the inarch, and it is required to 

 change the route, should the divisions be at the full distances from 

 each other, that is, at interval* equal to the length of a division, it 

 is necessary that the first division, after having described ou iu piv.it, 

 on angle equal to that which the new .! i o make with the 



should march forward aa soon aa the wheeling pivot of the 

 next division has arrived at the like pivot of the first division ; the 

 second division then wheels and iiin.ii.-s in like m.uiu. r, and so on. 

 The nine rule may be followed when thu divisions are at less than full 

 distance, provided the angle which tli march 



make* with the former U aulttoi.-ntly obtuse to allow the di\ isiunn to 

 i ed angle without interfering with one another, other- 

 wise the wheeling i* performed in this way : the leading company 

 wheels round at a short pace, so regulated aa to give time for the 



