MARMALADE. 



MARQUESS. 



491 



case of Mr. Edward Witt, of Foreham, Suffolk, who has during six 

 years applied ou 183 acres of arable land nearly 52,000 loads, of 

 24 bushels each, at a cost of 463?. in manual labour ; this is an average 

 of 283 loads per acre of a cost of 50s. The West Suffolk Agricultural 

 Society offers a prize of 41. to the tenant who shall have carried and 

 spread the greatest number of loads of clay during the previous twelve 

 months, and a list for many years, given in the 8th vol. of the English 

 Agricultural Society's Journal, shows the universality of the practice 

 on light and fen laud farm. 



As a last illustration of the practice of marling we may refer to the 

 use of chalk, which, though in some cases it must act chiefly by the 

 lime which it contains, as when brought by railway out of Hampshire 

 and applied at a cost of 4s. per ton, on the light lands of Surrey, is 

 nevertheless used in large quantities where it can hardly be supposed 

 that its usefulness depends upon its lime ; as for instance on the chalk 

 woldg of Lincolnshire, of Dorsetshire, and of Hampshire, where a 

 dressing of 80 or of 100 cubic yards of chalk at a coat of less than ZL 

 per acre is spread upon the land : this with boning and feeding off 

 with sheep being the means on which the fanner depends for fertility. 

 The boning and sheep feeding are in constant operation ; chalking is 

 done at considerable intervals of time. One chalk is found to be much 

 better*than another for use in this way; differences which seem to 

 indicate that their fertilising influence is not owing merely to their 

 lime, but to some other ingredients probably phosphate of lime, 

 which is found in some chalk marls in considerable quantity. Thus, 

 thanks to the researches of Messrs. Paine and Way into the chemical 

 and agricultural character of the chalk formation, we have learned the 

 existence of marl, containing very considerable proportions of phos- 

 phoric acid combined with lime, to which undoubtedly, and not to the 

 carbonate of lime which it also contains, its fertilising influence ia due. 

 We may also mention as an illustration of the way in which the farmer 

 may be misled by terms, that in this same district a bed of white earth 

 ia quarried and used upon the sandy lands of the locality with the best 

 effect, which is called a marl, although hardly a trace of lime exists in 

 it ; the effect being no doubt due to the large proportion of the soluble 

 silica which it is found to contain. It may be noticed that the shelly 

 sand of the shore is largely used in Cornwall and on some parts of the 

 Irish coast, and carried many miles inland, with the best effect on the 

 fertility of the limeleas soils to which it is applied. 



MARMALADE, a sort of preserve, made with sugar and the Seville 

 or bitter orange, a variety of the fruit of the CUrua Biyaradia. It is 

 more wholesome when properly made that is, when the rind is soft 

 than most other sweet preserves, as the bitter communicates tonic and 

 stomachic properties to it. 



The above is totally distinct from the material prepared from the 

 JEgle Marmelos, a native fruit of India, which is there extensively used 

 by the natives against diarrhcca and dysentery. It much resembles 

 rhubarb in its properties, and, according to the dose, acts either as an 

 astringent or mild laxative. It is now introduced into England, and 

 used as a dietetic. 



MARONITES, the name of a community of Christians belonging to 

 the Weatern or Roman Church, and living on Mount Lebanon. They 

 are neighbours of, and allied to, and in some places mixed with, the 

 Druses, and, like them, independent in great measure of the Turkish 

 power. The Maronites occupy the valleys and fastnesses of the prin- 

 cipal ridge of Lebanon east of Beyroot and Tripoli, and they extend 

 inland as far as the Bekaa, or plain between the Libanus and Ant i- 

 Libanus, where they are mixed with the Druses, though they do not 

 intermarry with them. The tract of country in which the great bulk 

 of the Maronites reside is called Kesrouan. It extends along the ridge 

 of Libanus from the Nahr el Kelb, a stream which enters the sea 

 12 miles north of Beyroot, to the Nahr el Kebir, which enters the sea 

 north of Tripoli, near the island of Ruad, the ancient Aradua, on which 

 side the Maronites border on the Nosairis, or Ansarieh, who extend to 

 the northwards towards Latakieh, and the Ismaelians, who live farther 

 inland near the banks of the Orontes. To the eastward the Maronites 

 have for neighbours the Metualis, a tribe of independent Moslems, of 

 the sect of Ali, who live under their own emir, and occupy the belad 

 or district of Baalbek and part of the Anti-Libanus ; and on the south 

 they border on the territory of the Druses, with whom they form one 

 political body. [DRUSES.] In their internal concerns the Maronites 

 are governed by their own sheiks, of whom there is one in every 

 village, from whose decision there is an appeal to the bishops, who 

 have great authority, and in some cases to the emir of the Druses, and 

 his divan, or council. The clergy are very numerous ; the secular 

 parish clergy are married, 'as in the Ureek Church; but the regular 

 clergy, who are said to amount to 20,000, and are distributed among 

 about 200 convents, follow the rules of St. Anthony, and are bound by 

 vows of chastity and obedience. The Maronite monks are not idle ; 

 they cultivate the land belonging to their convents, and live by its 

 jirrxluce. Every convent is a farm. The convents are under the juris- 

 diction of bishops, of whom there is one in every large village. The 

 i.s are under the obligation of celibacy. The bishops collectively 

 elect the patriarch, who is confirmed by the pope, and who resides at 

 >nvent of Kanobin, in a valley of the Libanus, south-east of 

 Tripoli, where there is a printing-press, which furnishes the elementary 

 book* for the use of the Maronite schools. Not far from Kanobin in 

 HIB large village of Eden, ten miles above which, and high up the 



Libanus, is the famed clump of old cedars, called the "cedars of 

 Solomon," of large dimensions, but now reduced to seven in number 

 (Lamartine, 'Voyage en Orient;' Richardson), not including the 

 younger and smaller ones. Dr. Richardson measured the trunk of one 

 of the old trees, and found it 32 feet in circumference. The whole 

 clump of old and young trees may be walked round in about half an 

 hour. Old cedars are not found in any other part of Libanus, 



The Maronites derive their name from a monk of the name of Maro, 

 who, in the 5th century collected a number of followers, and founded 

 several convents in these mountains. When the Monothelite heresy 

 prevailed in the East in the 7th century, and was favoured by the court of 

 Constantinople, many Christians who did not embrace its tenets took 

 refuge in the fastnesses of Libanus, around the convents, and thus the 

 name of Maronites was assumed by the population of the mountains. 

 This is the account of the Maronites themselves ; others pretend that 

 the Maronitea were Monothelites, who took refuge in the Libanus after 

 the Emperor Anastasius II. had condemned and proscribed their sect, 

 in the beginning of the 8th century. [EUTYCHIANS.] Joseph Simonius 

 Assemani,and his friend Ambaraoh, better known as Father Benedetti, 

 have defended the Maronites from the charge of Monothelitisni. 

 Ambarach translated from the Arabic into Latin the work of Stephen, 

 patriarch of Antioch, concerning the origin and the liturgy of the 

 Maronites. In 1182 they were re-admitted to the communion of the 

 Roman Church; and in 1736, at a great synod held at Marhanna, the 

 Maronite Church formally acknowledged the canons of the council of 

 Trent, bxit they retained the masa in the Syriac language and the 

 marriage of priests. Before that time they received the sacrament 

 under both forms, as in the Greek Church. At mass the priest turns 

 towards the congregation and reads the gospel of the day in Arabic, 

 which ia the vulgar tongue. 



The Maronite population ia said to be above 200,000 individuals, and 

 to contain between 30,000 and 40,000 men fit for military service. 

 Every Maronite ia armed, and they are all soldiers in case of need. 

 Their language is Arabic, and by their appearance and habits they 

 belong to the Arabian race. They are a fine-looking people, high- 

 spirited, civil and hospitable, especially towards European travellers, 

 and perfectly honest. Robbery and other acts of violence are hardly 

 known among them. (Jowett, Light, Lamartine, and other travellers 

 in Syria.) But Kinnear, who visited them in 1839, says, " happily 

 for them, their religion exempts, or rather excludes, them from mili- 

 tary service, and they escape the heaviest of all the evils under which 

 their country has suffered the conscription " (' Cairo, Petra, and 

 Damascus, in 1839 '), though he concurs in the favourable character 

 given of the people. It would thus appear that a period of repose had 

 relaxed their warlike qualities ; and this is confirmed to some extent 

 by the events of June, 1860. In that month, the Druses attacked the 

 Marouites, who, though superior in number, made but a feeble 

 resistance. Deis el Kama, their capital, was besieged, many villages 

 destroyed and their inhabitants massacred, while the Turkish troops 

 stood by and refused to interfere to repress the outrages. 



There ia at Rome, on the Quirinal Mount, a convent of Maronite 

 monks, who perform the service of the mass in the Syriac language, 

 according to the liturgy of their country. This church was founded 

 by Pope Gregory XIII., and is dedicated to St. John. The monastery 

 serves as a college for young Maronites who go to Rome to study 

 and take orders, after which they return to their own country. It is 

 one of those exotic colonies which give a peculiar interest to the city 

 of Rome. 



The ceremonies of these Maronites of Rome on great festivals, their 

 chanting in Syriac, and their curious musical instruments, are described 

 by the Abbe Richard, in hia ' Voyage en Italic.' 



MARQUE, LETTRES DE. [1'mvATEEurao.] 



MARQUESS, a title of honour used in England and on the Continent. 

 Persons who have thia title in England are the second in the five orders 

 of English nobility. The dukes only are above them. In parliament 

 all peers have the same privileges, by whatever title they are known. 

 Marquesses in England have this privilege above earls, that their 

 younger sona are addressed aa " my lord," as Lord Clarence Paget, 

 Lord Robert Cecil. 



All titlea of honour seem to have been originally the names of 

 important offices, or to have denoted persons invested with a peculiar 

 political character. Marquess is generally supposed, as wo think justly, 

 though other origins have been suggested, to have designated originally 

 persons who had the care of the marches of a country. [MARCHES.] 

 In Germany the corresponding term is markgraf (margrave), which 

 seems to be " lord of the marches." 



There were no English marquesses before the reign of Richard II. 

 In the reign of Edward III. a foreign marquess, the Marquess of Juliers, 

 was made an English peer with the title of Earl of Cambridge, and 

 this circumstance probably suggested to King Richard the introduction 

 of this new order of nobility. The person on whom it was conferred 

 was his great favourite, Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, who was 

 created Duke of Ireland and Marquess of Dublin in 1385. But the title 

 had no long continuance in him, for three years after he was attainted 

 and his honours forfeited. 



In 1397 one of the illegitimate eons of John of Gaunt was created 

 Marquess of Dorset ; but he was soon deprived of the title, and his son 

 had only the earldom of Somerset. Tha title of Marquou of Dorset 



