MARQUETRY AND PARQUETRY. 



MARRIAGE. 



wa however revived in the same family in 1443, when, also, William 

 do U Pol* was mad* Marquess of Suffolk. 



In 1470, John Nevil, Earl of Northumberland, brother to Richard 

 Xcvil Earl of Warwick, the king-maker, waa made Marqueaa Montacut* ; 

 but he waa aooo after alain at the battle of Barnet, and the title 

 became lost. 



In 1475, Thomaa Grey, Earl of Huntingdon, aon to the queen of 

 King Edward IV. by her former husband, waa made Marquess of 

 Dorset ; and in 1489, Maurice Berkeley, Earl of Nottingham, waa made 

 Harquew of Berkeley. Henry VIII. made Henry Courtenay, Karl of 

 Deronahire, Marquess of Exeter ; and he made Anne Boleyn, a little 

 before hi* marriage with her, Marchioness of Pembroke. William 

 Parr, Earl of Eaaez, brother of Queen Catherine Parr, waa created 

 Marquess of Northampton by King Edward VL; and William Powlett, 

 Earl of Wiltshire, Marqueaa of Winchester. 



All these titles had become extinct in 1571, except that of Marquess 

 of Winchester. This title still continues in the male representative of 

 the original grantee, though for a century or more it was little heard 

 of, being lost in the superior title of Duke of Bolton. 



Queen Elizabeth made no new marquess, nor did King James I. till 

 the fifteenth year of his reign, when his great favourite George Villiers 

 waa created Marquess of Buckingham. Charles I. advanced the Earls of 

 Hertford, Worcester, and Newcastle to be Marquesses of those places ; 

 and Henry Pierrepoint, Earl of Kingston, waa made Marquess of 

 Dorchester. 



Charles II. advanced the Earl of Halifax to be Marquees of Halmu 

 in 1682; and James II. made the Earl of Powis Marquess of Powis in 



1887. 



A new practice in relation to this title waa introduced at the Revo- 

 lution. This was the granting of the title of marquess aa a second title 

 when a dukedom waa conferred. Thus, when Schomberg was made 

 Duke of Schomberg he waa made also Marquess of Harwich ; when the 

 Earl of Shrewsbury was made Duke of Shrewsbury he was also made 

 Marquees of Alton ; and when the Earl of Bedford waa made Duke of 

 Bedford he was alao made Marquees of Tavistock. There were many 

 other creations of this kind in the reign of William III., and several of 

 marquesses only. It is not intended to name all the instances, either 

 in this or the subsequent reigns. Of the existing dukes, eleven have 

 inarquessatee in the second title, which is borne by the eldest son during 

 the life of the father. 



The only marquess who site in the House of Peers as a marquess, and 

 whose title dates before the reign of George III., ia the Marquess of 

 Winchester. The other marquesses, twenty-one in number, are all of 

 recent creation, only seven dating from the last century, one of whom, 

 Tweoddale, site as a Scotch representative only, though most of them 

 are old peers under inferior titles. 



The title seems not to have been known in Scotland till 1599, when 

 Marquesses of Huntley and Hamilton were created. 



MARQUETRY and PARQUETRY, are two names for modes of 

 grouping small pieces of wood into ornamental devices ; the one for pro- 

 ducing pictures and small decorative works, and the other for floors. 

 During the middle ages, the specimens produced were generally alter- 

 nations of black and white ; but in the 15th century the Italians began 

 to stain the pieces of wood in various colours, so aa to afford facilities 

 for much diversity of pattern. Afterwards, many of the beautiful 

 woods of America were brought into use ; and a method of represent- 

 ing shadows was devised, by scorching or singeing portions of the sur- 

 face. In some mnl the pieces of wood employed were so small, 

 and the colours so selected, as to admit of the representation of land- 

 scapes and other pictorial subjects, in a certain rude way. Most 

 marquetry work is a delicate kind of veneering. The ground-work is 

 of well-dried oak or fir, secured from warping. The coloured woods 

 are sawn into very thin plates and dyed or otherwise prepared. Sup- 

 posing a flower in white wood on a black ground is to be produced by 

 marquetry, there an three different modes adopted for cutting out the 

 veneers to the proper shape. In the first method, a drawing or engrav- 

 ing of the device U cut into pieces ; the pieces are pasted in proper 

 position on two alabs of black and white veneer ; and a very delicate 

 saw, worked by a treadle, cuU the wood into the requisite shapes. In 

 the second method the whole design is pasted on the black veneer ; the 

 leaves are cut out separately in white veneer, each white piece is pasted 

 to the proper part of the paper, the black veneer is then cut through 

 by a saw following the contour of the white pieces, the wood is sepa- 

 rated from the paper, and lastly the white pieces are let into the holes 

 cut in the black. In the third method a sheet of paper U pasted on the 

 black veneer, upon this ia placed a sheet of blackened or carbonised 

 paper, and upon this again another sheet of white pajivr ; the pieces of 

 white veneer, properly cut, being pasted in proper position on the upper- 

 most sheet of paper, a smart pressure or rolling will transfer a blackened 

 device to the lowest sheet of paper sufficient to guide the sawing uf tin- 

 black veneer. The production of many-coloured marquetry wifi easily 

 be understood from this description of the modes of cutting the 

 Tsoeers to produce black and white specimens When the Italian and 

 French marqueirien produce pictures instead of mere geometrical or 

 fancy patterns, the work is frequently called torm-cwl: Numerous 

 kinds of wood are employed, and much staining and scorching are 

 resorted to. Holly is a favourite wood, because it is nearly white, and 

 receives staining or dyeing very readily. M. Cremer, a French marque- 



trier, has in recent years produced many beautiful specimens, made of 

 bite of veneer which had previously been dyed by Bouoherie's process 

 that of causing the living tree to absorb saline and colour-producing 

 solutions. At the Great Exhibition of 1851, many remarkable speci- 

 mens of marquetry were shown such as M. Bisso's table from Genoa, 

 with a zodiac device on the top ; M. Claudo's table from Nice, with 

 four celebrated battles depicted in marquetry; an octagonal library 

 table, made of 14,000 pieces of wood; and, most curious of all, the 

 Spanish table made by M. Perez, of Barcelona, which was said to com- 

 prise no less than 3,000,000 minute pieces of wood. 



Parqiutry or Panftrtaijc is a plainer kind of marquetry, little varied 

 by colours, and applied as a flooring. The simpler varieties are said to 

 have had their origin in a desire to avoid the warping of long narrow 

 boards, by employing boards only three or four feet long by as many 

 inches in width, and arranging them in various patterns. It rarely 

 happens that there are more than two colours employed. Many )<! 

 baronial halls exhibit flooring in which a smooth plain ground is 

 adopted to show off a differently coloured wood cut into geometrical 

 devices. Wood of one kind and colour U capable of yielding delicate 

 patterns, something like that of a damask table-cloth, by placing the 

 frrain of the wood in different directions in different pieces. At 

 Windsor Castle, the Royal Exchange, and other places, parquetry floors 

 have been laid down in recent years. In some kinds the thin layers 

 or veneers are fitted in stout oak frames formed into compartments 

 comprising squares, diamonds, polygons, or any other desired shape ; 

 the oak frames are rather more than an inch in thickness, and the thick 

 veneer is from a quarter to three-eighths of an inch thick. In other 

 kinds no thin veneers are employed ; the wood itself, not being costly, 

 is used in pieces thick enough to be put together in a more expedi- 

 tious and less costly way. There is a ' patent solid parquetry' now 

 made in London for the flooring of mansions and public buildings, 

 saleable at It. per square foot, for an inch in thickness. 



The points of difference between small piece-meal productions in 

 wood, metal, glass, enamel, and marble, will be understood by com- 

 paring the present article with INLAYING and MOSAIC. 



MARQUOI'S RULERS. Among the methods which have been 

 devised for facilitating the operation of drawing parallel lines, those 

 which consist in making one ruler slide along the edge of another are 

 in almost every case the most expeditious and accurate. 



A triangular ruler, having two of its edges at right angles to one 

 another, being made so to slide with one of its edges perpendicular to 

 the length of a common rectangular ruler, constitutes, apparently, one 

 of the first contrivances of this nature. It is said to have been origin- 

 ally employed in Germany, whence its use extended to other parts of 

 Europe. A triangular ruler of the form just mentioned is called by the 

 French artists an (qutrre. 



The most approved construction and application of a triangular 

 ruler are due to an artist named Marquoi, who resided in London, and 

 by his name only the instrument is now known. Where many lines 

 are to be drawn parallel and perpendicular to one another, as in making 

 plans or elevations of buildings, or the horizontal projections of the 

 ramparts of fortresses, such an instrument is particularly useful. The 

 right-angled triangle, as well as the rectangular rulers which accom- 

 pany it, is made of box-wood, ivory, or some metal; and on th.- 

 surfaces of the latter rulers are certain scales with graduations in equal 

 parts. 



MARRIAGE is a contract by which a man and a woman enter into 

 a mutual engagement, in the form prescribed by the laws of the country 

 in which they reside, to live together as husband and wife during the 

 remainder of their lives. 



Marriage is treated as a civil contract even by those Christians who 

 regard it as a sacrament, and as typical of the union between Christ 

 and the church. The religious character of the transaction does not 

 attach until there has been a complete civil contract, binding according 

 to the laws of the country in which the 111:11 riage is contracted. The 

 authority of the sovereign power in regulating and prohibiting 

 marriages is (therefore not affected by the super-induced religious 

 character. 



Among Protestants marriage has ceased to be regarded as a sacra- 

 ment, yet in most Protestant countries the entrance into the marriage 

 state has continued to be accompanied with religious observances. 

 These are not however essential to the constitution of a valid marriage, 

 any further than the sovereign power may have chosen to annex them 

 to, and incorporate them with, the civil contract. 



After the establishment of Christianity, in order to avoid the scandal 

 of persons living together who were not known to bo married, and also 

 to secure and perpetuate the evidence of marriage, where really con- 

 tracted, it became usual to make the marriage promise in the presence 

 of the assembled people, and to obtain at the same time the blessing of 

 the priest upon their union, except when one of the parties had been 

 married before, in which case no nuptial benediction was anciently 

 pronounced, the benediction once received by one party being considered 

 sufficient to hallow the union as to both, unless by the distinction it 

 was intended to intimate that second marriages, though tolerated, were 

 not sanctioned by the church. So late however as the 12th century, 

 in a decretal epistle of Alexander III. to the bishop of Norwich, the 

 pope says, " We understand from your letter that a man and woman 

 mutually accepted one another without the presence of any priest, and 



