ni 



MASSAGET.*. 



MATCHES; COKGREVES; LUC I 



tory, but the poetic* was condemned by the church at synod held at 

 Xmu before the end of the century. This wrrice u performed entirely 

 by th officiating priest landing before the altar, and attended by a 

 clerk who ay the responses. The prayer* of the man are all in Latin 

 in the Roman Catholic church, in ancient Greek in the Eaatern chiitrh, 

 and in SyrUc among the Maronites and Jacobites, but never in the 

 vulgar or vernacular tongue of the country. The congregation take no 

 ostensible part in the net-vice, but they follow it mentally or in their 

 prayer-books, in which the text of the prayers is occasionally accom- 

 panied by a translation in the vulgar tongue. The priest does not 

 address the congregation, but has his back turned to them, except at 

 the end of certain prayers, when he turns round, and says, " Dominus 

 Tobiscum" (" The Lord be with you "), and at the " Orate Fratres," Ac. 

 (" Brethren, pray," Ac.), which are responded to, on the part of the 

 congregation, by the clerk. The mass consists of various parts : 

 1. The Introitus, or preparation, consisting of several prayers, psalms, 

 the ' Gloria in excelsw,' the epistle and gospel for the day, the Creed, 

 Ac., which the priest recites with a loud voice. 2. The consecration, 

 in which the priest consecrates the bread and wine, repeating the 

 words, " Hoc eat corpus meum, et hie eat calix sanguinis mei," and 

 then shows to the people both the bread and the chalice containing the 

 wine, upon which all the congregation kneel down. 8. The communion. 

 The priest, after reciting more prayers, accompanied by an invocation of 

 the apostles and other saints, the Lord's Prayer, Ac., takes the sacrament 

 under both forms ; if any of the congregation are disposed to take the 

 sacrament, the priest then descends from the altar and administers it to 

 them in the shape of the consecrated wafers or bread only. 4. The 

 post communio, which consists of a few more prayers, and of the 

 blessing which the priest gives turning towards the congregation, after 

 which he reads the first chapter of the gospel of St. John down to the 

 fourteenth verse, and the mast is over. 



The low or ordinary mass, Miua brevii, lasts in general about half an 

 hour, and every Roman Catholic is bound, by what are styled the 

 " Commandments of the Church," to attend it once at least on Sundays 

 and other holidays, unless prevented by illness. The transgression of 

 this precept is reckoned a sin. Pious persons hear several masses in 

 succession, and many attend mass every day in the week, for it is cele- 

 brated every day in each parish church. A priest must not break his 

 fast either by food or drink from the previous midnight until he has 

 said mass, out of respect for the real presence of Jesus Christ in the 

 sacrament. The service of the mass is indeed essentially connected 

 with and depends on the doctrine of transubstantiation. [TRAMSUB- 



STAjrriATIOX] 



On great festivals and other solemn occasions the mass is performed 

 by a priest or prelate, attended by a deacon and subdeacon, who says 

 the responses and chants the epistle and gospel of the day. On those 

 occasions the mass, or at least parts of it, are sung by a choir, accom- 

 panied by the organ and other musical instruments. This is called 

 high mats," and is a long and pompous service. Palestrina, Mozart, 

 Cherubini, and other among the most celebrated musicians, have pro- 

 duced most beautiful compositions for this service. Both for the low 

 and the high masses the officiating priest is dressed in peculiar various- 

 coloured garments appropriated to the occasion, which he afterwards 

 takes off in the vestry-room. 



The 'Misaale' is the name of the book which contains the ritual 

 of the mass, and which the priest holds open before him on the 

 altar. Some of the old Missals, whether MSS. or printed, are 

 beautifully ornamented with paintings, and are valued as bibliographic 

 curumties. 



The Protestant and reformed churches have no mass, as they do not 

 believe in the doctrine of transubstantiation ; but several of the detached 

 ' Oremus/ or prayers of that service, which are very fine, have been 

 retained in the Liturgy of the Church of England, translated in the 



JA'GETjB, an ancient people of central Asia, in an expedition 

 whom Cyrus is said to have lost his life. (' Herod., i. 205-216 ; 

 Justin.,' i. 8.) Alexander also met them in his expedition to Sog- 

 diana, B.O. 828. ('Arrian/ iv.) Herodotus says that they lived north of 

 the Araxes, bv which he probably means the Jaxartos (i. 201), ainl mi 

 the plain to the east of the Caspian Sea : this would include the country 

 now known as Sungaria and Mongolia, extending to the base of the 

 Altai mountains. According to Strabo, the Hyperborei, Sauromato, 

 and Arimaspi dwelt above the Euxine, the Ister, and the Adriatic; 

 and the Sao and Maangeto above the Caspian (p. 807, Cataubon) ; 

 and a little further he remark* that the Masaagete were to the east of 

 the Dam, who bordered on the Caspian Sea (p. fill). 



Herodotus was in doubt whether the Mnwagcte ought to be 

 reckoned among the Scythian* (i. 201); but they were usually re- 

 garded as part of the Scythian nation by succeeding writers. (' Arrian,' 

 IT. J 7 ; Pliny/ Jf.ff., vi. 1.) Strabo (xi) details some of the in- 

 human customs of the tribe ; which lead Niebuhr and Blrkh to con- 

 Mdsr the afanageta) a* a branch of the Mongolian race ; while Humboldt 

 [Central Aria') believe* them to have been of the Indo-European stock, 

 ^similarity of their name (Ifa^a-ycta ; compare Tyri-gtto, Tkyu*- 

 ga) might lead to the supposition that they wen connected with the 

 Oeus of Europe. 



The MaaageUt are described by Herodotus as a numerous and 

 powerful nomadic people, who resembled the Scythians in their dress 



and mode of life. Gold and silver were plentiful among them, obtained 

 i't from the Altai range; but no iron or silver wu found in 

 their country. They wi re however in a very low state of civilisation, 

 even for a nomadic people. They had a community of wives; and 

 their aged people wore killed and eaten by their relations. 

 H'i)T. [LEAD.] 



MASTKK AM) SKKVANT. [SEBVAST.] 



MASTKK OK A .SHIP. [Snips.] 



MASTER OK ARTS. [ARTS.] 



MASTERS IN LUNACY. [l,t XACY.] 



MASTIC. A name given by manufacturers to the oleaginous 

 cements which were formerly used to a great extent both at home and 

 abroad, but which lately have been entirely neglected. The normal 

 composition of these materials appears to consist of a mixture of about 

 7 parts of litharge (the red protoxide of lead), with 93 parts of burnt 

 clay /ground to a very fine powder, and applied by ordinary plasterer** 

 tools, after being mixed with a sufficient quantity of pure Unseed oil to 

 reduce the mass to a tenacious plastic state. 



The best mastics were formerly considered to be the Hainelin's 

 mastic, in England, and the mastic de Dhil in France; the former 

 material was largely used in King William Street, City, but it was far 

 from successful, and very costly. 



MASTICH, commonly but improperly termed gum mastich, is the 

 produce of the Pistarhia Ifnlixia, var. Chia, a small tree, native of 

 many of the shores of the Mediterranean and islands of the Archipelago. 

 In the island of Scio much attention is paid to the collection of it. 

 About one-third of what is there obtained belongs to the Pasha, and 

 constitutes the fine sort called seraglio mastix, mostly sent to Constan- 

 tinople. Between the 15th and 20th of July slight incisions are made 

 transversely in the stem and larger branches, whence flows a resinous 

 juice, which gradually thickens, and either adheres or drops on the 

 ground. That which remains attached U removed by an iron instru- 

 ment, and is collected between the 24th and 81st of August. Two 

 gatherings occur in this space of time. What remains after the tribute 

 to the Pasha is deducted yields two sorts, the so-called seraglio kind, 

 and a second, chiefly sent to Egypt. A third sort is sent to European 

 markets ; and of late the finest kind also reaches our marts, 

 occurs in small isolated pieces, called teart, seldom so large as a common 

 pea, from attrition covered with a white dust, nearly trann; 

 Mastich in sorts has various impurities, and is sometime* mixed with 

 sandarao. 



Pure mastich has a mild, agreeable odour, and an aromatic taste ; by 

 chewing it softens, and becomes sticky or adhesive. With a gentle 

 heat it melts ; ignited, it burns with a strong balsamic odour. It is 

 not at all soluble in water, but is soluble to a great degree in alcohol, 

 and entirely so in ether and fixed oils. Its chemical composition is a 

 very small quantity of volatile oil, and two kinds of resin : one, to the 

 amount of 90 per cent., soluble in alcohol, possessing acid prop 

 hence called mastich acid ; and another, to the amount of 10 per cent., 

 insoluble in alcohol, called mastichiue, considered by Bonastre to be a 

 Bubresiu. 



Mastich is chewed by females in the East, to sweeten their breath 

 and strengthen their gums ; in Europe it is used as a dentifrice, and to 

 stop decayed teeth. It is also an ingredient in pastilles, and perfumes, 

 such as eau do luce. But its chief employment is as a spirit- 

 varnish. 



MATCH, in gunnery, is a material employed in firing military mine* 

 or in discharging pieces of ordnance. Before the invention of fire-locks, 

 hand-guns or small-arms were fired by matches, which the soldiers 

 carried with them on service ; and match-lock fire-arms are still used 

 in some parts of Asia. 



What is called dme-nuilrh is only a piece of slightly twisted hemp 

 which has been well soaked in a utrong solution of saltpetre with 

 boiling water. When fire has been communicated to it, it burns very 

 slowly, and a piece one yard long is scarcely consumed in eight hours. 

 In use, the end to which fire has been applied is blown upon by tho 

 breath, when it is capable of setting fire to gunpowder or to the cotton- 

 wick inserted in the composition which fills a fuse. 



The materials employe*! in the formation of guifl--match consist of a 

 mixture of salt[>etre and mealed gunpowder with spirit of wine and 

 rain-water. The water in which the saltpetre is put, is made to boil 

 for an hour in a copper vessel, a wick of cotton being coiled in the 

 liquid; the alcohol is then added, and tho mixture is allowed to 

 simmer over a slow fire for a quarter of an hour. Some of the powder 

 is afterwards introduced, and the whole is left during twenty-four 

 hours. The cotton is then wound on a reel and the remainder of the 

 powder is sifted over it The match is then left for several days 

 in order that it may become thoroughly dry, after which it is fit 

 for use. 



MATCHES; CONGREVES; LUCIFERS. Tho manufacture of 

 these humble and cheap articles marks a curious stage in the progress 

 of i i vili.-iation, where luxuries become conveniences, and then necessaries. 

 The friction of two pieces of dry wood we now regard as a barbarous 

 mode of procuring light ; yet it is a scientific one, where the materials 

 for a quicker process are wanting. The flint and steel bad a long reign 

 in this country ; tho tinder-box formed an item in Wolvcrhampton 

 manufactures; and the sulphur-tipped matches, arranged in bunches 

 spread out in fan-like manner, formed the stock in trade of many an 



