MEMORIAL. 



MENINGITIS. 



detail event* in which the writer himself ha* been personally 

 4 Very often the work i* purely biographical, and not 

 all : and sometime* materials for biography only, and not 

 work in the proper sense of the term. Sometimes it is 

 irioal nor biographical, but merely a discoun* or statement 

 on some point in science or literature ; of this kind are the published 

 aasmnirs of many academies (' Memoires de 1'Acadcmie de* Inscriptions,' 

 for inetanee), and other literary or scientific societies. It may be 

 noted, that when Horace Walpole wrote his amusing account of the 

 last ten rears of the reign of George II., probably soon after the 

 middle of the last century, the word ' Memoire*,' which is the title he 

 has given hi* work, was still so far from beinc completely naturalised 

 among us, that he has retained the French spelling. We have, 

 however, several English memoirs such for instance as 'Memoires 

 of the Keigne of King Charles I.,' by Sir Philip Warwick, 1M1 ; 

 Memoirs concerning the Attain of Scotland,' by George Lockhart, 

 Esq., 1714; -Memoirs of John Ker. of Keralsnd,' by himself, 1726, 

 *c. The French language ia particularly rich in those kinds of 

 historical and biographical materials which are expressed by the term 

 Memoires. 



MEMORIAL. [AssciTY.J 



M i. MI )lt V is a name given to one of what are called the faculties of 

 the mind, the faculty (as it is otherwise expressed) of remembering 

 or recollecting. The word is used to denote at the same time the 

 itkm or act of remembering, the state of the mind when it exer- 

 the faculty, as distinguished from the faculty itself ; but this last 

 is a derived and by far the rarer use of the word. 



What ideas are, how they are first generated, and how afterwards 

 reproduced, are matters the explanation of which belongs to other 

 articles. [ASSOCIATION; IDEA; SEXSATIOS.] But when an i 

 reproduced in the mind by any of the ordinary modes of association, 

 and there co-exists with this idea the idea of its having been before 

 present in the mind, this complex state of mind is a cose of memory. 

 We are then said to remember the thing (whatever it may be), the idea 

 of which is thus present to the mind. This is an exercise of the 

 faculty of UvUbw j. 



Mr. Stewart seeks to make a distinction between the memory of 

 events and the memory of things, on the ground that in the former 

 ease alone doe* the idea of past time form part of the complex state of 

 mind. This does not seem to be correct. In all cases of memory, in 

 the memory of things as well as of events, there is (as has been said) 

 the idea of the idea which is now present to the mind having been 

 present before. And this idea is obviously a complex idea, of which 

 the idea of the previous time and the idea of the interval between 

 that and the present time are parts. The particular idea of past 

 time, by means of which Mr. Stewart seeks to make his distinction, 

 belongs to the event that is remembered, an 1 has evidently nothing to 

 do with the mental phenomenon of memory. It is the idea of the 

 event having taken place at a past time, and not (which alone is con- 

 cerned with the mental phenomenon of memory) the idea of the idea 

 of this event having been before present to the mind. 



There is a distinction between remembering and recollecting, which, 

 though not always observed in conversation, it is yet worth while to 

 notice. The Ideas that are remembered cither come into the mind 

 without any effort on the port of the person remembering, or with 

 each effort. In the first case the person is more properly said to 

 remember; hi the second to recollect. The effort of recollection may 

 be generally described as consisting in seeking out for different ideas 

 which are likely to recall, by any of the ordinary modes of association, 

 the desired idea. What these modes of association are has already been 

 fully explained in two previous articles ABSOCIATIOS and DREAMS. 



It will be seen that the thing which hi essential to the faculty of 

 menvTy, sod which distinguishes it from other faculties of the mind, 

 that indeed which the faculty of memory may be said to be, is the 

 faculty of recognising an idea which has before been present to the 

 mind, as having been before present. But this faculty of recognition 

 can never be exercised until the idea that is to be recognised has been 

 introduced by one of the ordinary modes of association. Thus tho 

 principle or (a* it may also be called) the faculty of associ.r 

 r to the exercise of the faculty of memory. ~ ' 



This principle of 



association, which, though necessary to the exercise of the faculty of 

 manor/, is yet only accidentally connected with that faculty, becomes 

 consequently the baiu of mnemonics, or the art of recollection. 



The principle of all system* of mnemonic*, however much these may 

 diner in complexity, is the same, and simple. It i* to select a nun.Ur 

 of ol.jccU which, whether of themselves or by reason of the order of 

 election, are more easily remembered than those which it 1s our object 

 u> remember, and to associate in our minds each one of the Utter set 

 with some one of the former. One of the simplest systems of mnemonics 

 Mthe plan which used to be resorted to by the *nci< .of con- 



necting in their mind* the different parts of a speech with .1 

 of the building in which It was delivered. The different system* of 



lanteria Technics' which have been pot forth in later times are more 



siMflii specimens of the art. Of these, or any one of these, it i 



onaecesnnr to give a detailed account here. One of the best known 



is that of Dr. Orey 



IH'-ITV. ' 



MENDUMTK. 



MENINOITIS in the term applied to that form of inflammation ot 

 the brain whirh ulVcis the - nines by which that organ i* 



Mirr.'iinded. The M!. I i* been given of this diseaw. 



It is a complex morbid state of the immediate covering* of the brain 

 attended with more or less voscularity and opacity of the am 

 membrane, and the formation of advent, < icta between the 



arachnoid and pia-mater, and the effusion of pus or serum in the same 

 situation. Acute pnin in the head accompanies these lesions, .-it 

 with intolerance of light and sound. There is present also watchful- 

 ness, delirium, a flushed countenance, and redness of thceonjuir 

 or a heavy suffused state of the eyes. The pulse is quick, on. i 

 are frequent spasmodic twitching* nr convulsions passing into somno- 

 lency, coma, and complete relaxation of the limbs. 



This disease comes on at all ages. It attacks children during the 

 period of teething, and comes on in scarlet fever, measles, and other 

 disease* caused by morbid poisons. It is then known m,.!. r tin- name 

 of acute hydrocephalns. [HVDROCETHALCS.] Adults are liable to thi* 

 rdisease as the result of typhus, typhoid.and paludal fevers. [Ki 

 It also comes on as the result of accident*, uf intemperance, great 

 mental anxiety, and intense heat of the sun" coup de soleil." 



There is a great difference in the course and . meningitis, 



according as it appears in a state of the system in which scroi. 

 present, and one in which thin tendency is al>< lisease 



ir divided by some writers into simple and tubercular nicni- 



All forms of meningitis assume with more or less con 

 stages. 1. The stage of excitement resulting from 

 2. The stage of compression which indicates that effusion ha 

 place. 8. A stage in which the symptoms either p.\ - from t! 

 into that of health, or in which the disease progressively terminates in 

 death. In each stage there is a distinct set of symptoms arisinu- 

 the locality of the disease. The mental, sensorial, and in 

 functions are distinctly affected. In the first stage, the mental tytn 

 are either somnolence or wakefulness, or the one alternating with the 

 other. There is delirium which is frequently of a furious charact. 

 the second stage the delirium becomes quieter, or passes into coma, 

 whilst in the third, the mental functions arc entirely lost. In the first 

 stage the most remarkable senturial symptqm is the int.ii 

 continuous pain in the head, which diminishes or < in the. 



second stage; whilst in the third stage, complete 

 place. The notarial symptoms of the first stage arc restlessness, 

 twitehings, and vomiting. In the second stage convulsions are fre- 

 quently present, but in the third stage there is absolute paralysis of all 

 the muscles. 



The duration of these stages varies. Sometimes each lasts a 

 The pulse in the first stage is from 90 to 100, in the second from 110 

 to 1 30, and in the last stage it is scarcely to be counted. 



The symptoms of tubercular meningitis differ from those of the 

 simple form, in their being generally less active. They occur in a 

 state of the system which indicates to a greater or less dcgr. 

 condition of tuberculous cachexia. 



In the adult, the symptoms of meningitis have a tendency from the 

 beginning to assume a convulsive or ajioplectic character. 



The treatment of this disease must in a great me.i-ure dr]>ond on the 

 nature of the symptoms of the gen wiili whieh it is asso- 



ciated. When it arises from mechanical injn more 



antiphlogistic treatment than when associated with blood disease. 

 [HTDBOOBPBAtnsJ 



Vertbritit or Eaceplialitii. When tho substance of the brain ia 

 affected independent of the nii-ronndin^ membranes, tho disease ia 

 called Ccrebritis, or Encephalitis. This disease in its pure form U 

 accompanied by very different symptoms from the first, the most dis- 

 tinguishing of which are the absence of headache and delirium. It 

 consists in an inflammatory action of tho vessels which supply tho 

 substance of the brain. It may however be combined with inllamnin- 

 tion of the meninges, and then tho symptoms of the attack are of a 

 combined character. The lesions of the brain discovered after death 

 in cerebritU, ore a softening or suppuration of nome part of tho 

 m* of the brain, which is frequently Attended with a dusky 

 radn . 



The causes of inflammation of the substance of tho brain are much 

 the same as those of meningitis. It occurs at all age*, but adults aro 

 more liable to this form of disease than children, and old persons 

 than adults. 



There arc two forms of this disease observed, the one ncute and 

 accompanied with a riiMMi i the brain after death, the 



Other man chronic, and accompanied with a white appearance of the 

 brain after death. 



The symptoms of this disease may be divided into the premonitory, 

 those which aro present during the attack, and those which remain 

 after the acute symptoms havo passed away. 



nitory symptom* consist of ft Ions of mental vigour, a 

 failure of ideas, irritability of temper, and .1 



sense of general weakness. There is a sense of heaviness, sometimes of 

 hravy pain in the head, and tingling or numbness in tin; limbs, and 

 often a losa of ]H>\ver in the miix-lc* of oni- lim'* . 



Pnring the attack the patient has mild delirium, which passes into a 

 condition of iiiKCiuiibility, accompanied with great dulnrss of U. 

 and perception. There may be an excited sensibility or on abti , 



