Til 



MOHAIK. 



MOLASSES. 



716 



major key U here chown a* the diverging point merely on account of 

 it* apparent simplicity ; any other would have answered the purpose, 

 provided the *ame relation* had bean preserved. Thu*, for instance, 

 from the key of > ft to it* fifth u a, i* relatively the same as (root o to o. 

 Example : 



Chromatic Modulation is the change from a given key to some other 

 not analogous to it ; that u to say, to one differing much in scale, and, 

 ooaMquently, in signature. [SIUXATTHE.] Examples : 



C to A ft. . 



CtoE. 



C to F minor. 





Enharmonic Modulation is the change from a given key to another 

 quite unanalogoua, by means of an enharmonic interval, that is, by 

 the same interval binominously considered ; as c and B 5, AD and c.j. &c. 

 [E.xiiABiioxic.] Examples : 



CloCg. 



tt 88 



f* 



to D It (from Kimlwrger). 



In these example* we have endeavoured to show the most direct 

 method of modulating, and, except in one instance, by means of the 

 dominant 7th and the diminished 7th, or their inversions. By the 

 intervention of a few additional chords, more elegant effects might 

 bare been produced, both as regard* harmony and melody. But it 

 must aUo be remarked that suddenness of transition is often essential 

 to the design of the composer, in which case he takes the shortest rood 

 from key to key that the ear will permit. 



It will be *een that we entirely differ from those who perhaps 

 muled by the word modulatio, and it* interpretation by ancient 

 writer* think that modulation may be carried on without any change 

 of key. We arc decidedly of opinion, though in opposition to Borne 

 highly respectable authorities, that modulation and cAauge of l< >/ are 

 identical term*. 



MODULES (Architecture), from the Latin modijtu, a* being a 

 le***r measure than the diameter of the column, is employed to signify 

 one half of the Utter, or thirty minutti. Some writers reckon entirely 

 by m'-lula and mixutet. Thu*, instead of *aying a column is eight or 

 jgbt and a half diameter* high, they would describe it* height a* being 

 stem or Mventeen module*. 



MODUS. [Trrut*] 



MOHAIK, a* a material for textile manufacture*, has been brought 

 rery exUosively into use within the hut few year*. It differs from 

 alpaca ,a thu- : tht the Utter i* the wool or hair of a South A . 

 animal of the llama tribe [ALPACA- WOOL] ; whereas mohair is the 

 covering of a g*t peculiar to Asia Minor. Twenty year* ago, the 

 quantity of mohair imported wa* .mall, but now it u very Urge ; for 

 UM manufacturer* of the north, especially the great firm* in and near 



Bradford, display much ingenuity in combining two or more fibrou* 

 material*, to produce what are called fancy fabrics. 1'iukr thu 

 names of vesting*, pantaloon-stuffs, ponchos, shoe-stuffs, cravatinga, 

 lining*, coasinete, cashmeerets, bareges, tabineta, shawl-cloth*, Ac., 

 numerous fabrics are woven, in which wool, worsted, alpaca, or i 

 are introduced, or two or three out of the four, according to the softness, 

 thickness, ami price- of the article to be produced. 



The manufacturing processes are similar in character to tho* 

 described under WooLLi.x A.XU \VousTKu MAXUKACT 



M II II A U RS. [ NiiltTH AUKUICAX 1.NWAK8.] 



MuinoKK. [MONEY.] 



MO1KE, a French word, having the meaning of clouded, mottled, or 

 watered, U applied a* a name to two different kinds of effect* produced 

 in manufactures : the one on metals, the other on textile good*. 



The moire mefa/firyur, first introduced by the French, present* a 

 singular beauty and richness of appearance, something like the crystal- 

 lised frost on a window in winter. The substance is formed of tinned 

 in>n plate, while the surface effect is due to the clu-mr 

 acids. Thu muirf appears to be formed by the action of tho tin on the 

 iron at the point of contact ; and the purpose of the acid U rather to 

 render this visible than actually to produce it. Tin plate consists of a 

 piece of sheet iron coated with a thin layer of tin \vhilu the l.utcr u in 

 a molten state ; and the art of preparing thu utcin? metnltitjue consists 

 in removing all except an extremely thin film of this tin, without 

 really exposing the iron in any part. Various acids and mixtures of 

 acids will effect this, but the one usually employed ia diluted nitro- 

 rauriatic acid. The plate of tinned iron, after being slightly he.i 

 washed with the acid. As soon as the workman sees the in 

 iteelf, he plunges the sheet into cold water, and gently washes on t la- 

 acid and dissolved tin with a feather or a bit of cotton wciul. Tho 

 time necessary to produce this action varies from one to t 

 ac<-or<ling to the strength of the acid and the heat of the phite. When 

 the iiioirii has been properly developed, and the acid and tin removed, 

 the plate is carefully dried, and the variegated surface protected by 

 a coating of varnish ; if the varnish be white, a silvery or pearly moire 

 is produced ; if coloured, richly diversified tints ore obtained. A modi- 

 fied kind of moirf metal&qiu is produced by the action of heat without 

 acids. The plate of tinned iron is exposed to such a temperature as 

 will melt the tin ; and varied effects are produced according to the 

 mode and rapidity of cooling. If cooled gradually, the surface presents 

 a certain kind of moird or crystallisation ; if suddenly cooled by plunging 

 in cold water, the moire U different in character ; if unequally cooled 

 by water being sprinkled on certain parts, or wind Mown upon them, 

 the effect undergoes still further variations. So, on the oihtr hand, it' 

 the heating of the plate can be so managed as to be unequal at d. 

 parts, a variation in tho moire' result* ; and attempts are sonu 

 made to give a definite pattern to these irregularities. Kobili ha* pro- 

 duced some very beautiful metallochroma, or richly coloured spots on 

 surfaces of steel, silver, and other metals; and Mr. Uassiot has varied 

 the effects of surface thus produced; but the work is one kind of 

 electro-metallurgy, and the effect bears little resemblance in appearance 

 /v metailiijtie. As a question of mere fashion, the last nuim-d 

 material U not now used so much as it was twenty years ago, when 

 kaleidoscopes and ornamental boxes were covered with it ; but it 

 theless remains among tho list of articles available for decorative 

 manufacture*. 



The moire" effect on textile goods, generally called moire anl!</ur, U 

 produced mostly in broad silk* for ladies' dresses. It is a K> 

 kind of that which is known as watering in silk ; and the 

 calendered, endeavour to keep secret the exact mode in which it is 

 l>rrtormed. The moird, clouding, or watering, U not produced in the 

 dyeing, the spinning, or tho weaving ; it i* a sort ot calendering or 

 pressing between two cylinders. By using cylinders hot or c. 

 bossed or plain, by sprinkling the silk or not with waU>r, and \<\ i 

 two layers of silk over each other either rectangularly or diagon- 

 ally, various kinds and degrees of moiiv may be produced ; those 

 thread*, whether of warp or wi'ft,wliirh happm to be most prMtod, 

 receive most gloss; some of them become flatten. <l ; an 1 :h n-tlection 

 from their surface is glossy or otherwise according to the angle at which 

 they are viewed. Thus a very brilliant play of light and shade is 

 produced, although all the threads may be of one colour throughout. 



MOLASSES, is the uncrystallised syrup produced in the manufac- 

 ture of Kiignr. It is Buffered to drain from the casks into a cistern, in 

 what is called the curing-house, before the sugar is sent away from the 

 plantation. To facilitate the draining, the casks are ranged upright on 

 a frame-work of open joists over the ci.-tern ; several holes of about an 

 inch diameter are bored in th< t tho casks; and before the 



newly made sugar is put into the hogsheads, or, aa it is called, 

 an '|iial number of plantain-staiko, or sugar-canes from which tho 

 juice has been expressed, are placed in each cask, so that the emls 

 protrude through the hole*. These stalks or canes must be of 

 equal length with the cask, and they thus form so many channels or 

 conduits for the passing away of the greater part of the molasses ; 

 some will always remain in the hogsheads, and, draining away by slow 

 degrees, will in a great measure be lost during the voyage ; but even 

 after the arrival of the sugar in Europe a proportion of molasses, hi h 

 is less or more according to the good or bad quality of the sugar, 

 remains in the mas*. See further under SUGAR MANUPACTI'IIK. 



