MUDAKIX. 



MULTIPLE, SUBMULTIPLE, MULTIPLICATION. 8so 



oeptfon to the general law of the power of solvent* being increased by 

 an inomuv of temperature, u most albuminous substances are sou'tUtied 

 by beat. K.>r this reason we here describe the mode of obtaining it, 

 and give a brief .ketch of its habitudes. MwUrine is obtained In a 

 state of considerable purity from the tincture of mudar, by macerating 

 the powder of the root in cold rectified spirit. The greater part of 

 the spirit may be recovered by distillation, but the remaining solution, 

 which acquires a much deeper colour though U remains perfectly 

 transparent, is allowed to cool. As the temperature falls, a white 

 granular resin is deposited by a species of crystallisation from a trans- 

 parent coloured solution. The whole is allowed to dry spontaneously, 

 m order that all the resin may concrete. The dry residuum is then 

 treated with water, which dissolves the coloured portion, and leaves 

 the resin untouched. It is to this principle, dissolved by cold water 

 from the resinous extract, that the name Mudarine is given. It has 

 no smell, and is intensely bitter, with a very peculiar nauseating taste. 

 It is exceedingly soluble in cold water at the ordinary temperature /of 

 the atmosphere, but insoluble in boiling water. It is soluble in alcohol, 

 but the power of this solvent is increased by increase of .tempe- 

 rature. It is insoluble in sulphuric ether, oil of turpentine, and 

 olive nil. 



It is in the solution in water when nearly saturated that the peculiar 

 pioperty of Mudarine is most easily exhibited. At ordinary tem- 

 peratures this solution is quite fluid and transparent. When heat is 

 gradually applied, already at 74 Fahr., a change in its constitution 

 begins to be observable, indicated by a slight diminution of its trans- 

 parency. As the temperature is raised these changes increase, and 

 at 90* it has in a great degree lost its transparency, and has acquired 

 the consistence of a tremulous jelly. At 85 it is fully gelatinised, 

 and a separation of it takes place into two parts, a soft brownish 

 coagulum, and a liquid nearly colourless. At 98 the coagulum is 

 evidently contracted in size. At 130 the coagulum seems to dissolve : 

 at 185 the coagulum is very small, and has a tenacious, pitchy con- 

 sistence. At 212 little further change occurs. The alterations which 

 in this state it undergoes on cooling deserve to be noticed. At 140 

 the fluid is very turbid : the coagulum has not diminished in size, and 

 is now very hard and brittle. At 110 fluid less turbid, coagulum 

 remarkably brittle, with a resinous fracture : at 100 fluid more trans- 

 parent. When 'cooled down even to the freezing temperature the 

 coagulum remains unaltered, and very much resembles colophony ; 

 but after the lapse of several days it gradually liquefies in a portion of 

 fluid in contact with it, without passing through the intermediate state 

 of a jelly. 



(Ainslie, Maleria Indiea, vol. i. p. 486 ; Duncan in Edin. Med. and 

 Burg. Juurn., July, 1829 ; and in Tram, of Royal Society of Edinb., voL 

 xi. p. 433.) 



MUDARIN. The name given by Dr. Duncan to a peculiar principle 

 obtained from the bark of the root of the Calotropu Mudarii, and to 

 which he attributes its emetic effects. It is procured in the state of a 

 brown, transparent, extractifonn mass, by evaporating the alcoholic 

 tincture of the bark. It is very soluble in water and in alcohol, but 

 insoluble in ether, oil of turpentine, and fixed oils. Its aqueous solu- 

 tion gelatinises at 95* Fahr., coagulates at a higher temperature, and 

 separates into a porous substance, which, when once cooled, does not 

 redissolve for some days. 



MUEZZIN, in Mohammedan countries, is the general appellation of 

 those officers or clerks of the mosques whose duty it is to cry out from 

 the minaret gallery the invitation to prayers, at the five canonical hours, 

 namely, at dawn, at noon, at four o clock hi the afternoon, at sunset, 

 and at night-close. The muezzin cry is a substitute for bells, which 

 are not used in Mohammedan countries. The call is : " God is great ; 

 I attest that there is no other God but God. I attest that Mohammed 

 is the prophet of God: come to prayers; come to the temple of 

 salvation. God is great ; there is no God but God." Each of these 

 sentences is repeated several times in succession, with pauses between, 

 and in a kind of slow chanting, and occasionally shrill tone, forming a 

 solemn though wild melody, peculiarly impressive, especially when 

 suddenly breaking upon the silence of the night On hearing tho 

 moeszin's call, the devout Mussulmans turn their faces towards Mecca, 

 and recite their namaz, or prayers. 



MUFFLE, a vaulted flat-bottomed earthen vessel in which sub- 

 stances may be strongly heated, and at the same time protected from 

 the contact of the fuel ; in this smaller vessels are placed containing 

 the substances to be acted upon. 



MUFTI, the general denomination of the head doctors of the law in 

 Turkey, of religion and (where the Uw is founded on the Koran) of 

 whom there is one in every large town. The mufti of Constantinople 

 is the highest in rank, and has a jurisdiction over the muftis of the 

 provinces, and also above the medresaes, or colleges, and generally 

 over the whole body of the ulemas, priests, or lawyers. He is styled 

 sheikh ul Islam, or " chief of the elect," and is consulted in important 

 niattcrs of law. He is appointed by the sultan, who can also depose 

 him. His secretary, called fetwab emiai, has an office with about 

 twenty clerks for the despatch of business. The dignity of sheikh ul 

 islam is one of the principal in the empire, and is equal in rank to that 

 of grand-vizir. His dress is of white ermine. 



MniCI.KTuXIANS. [Mi-wurros, in Bioo. Div.] 



MULBEKKY, BLACK, Medical VKI of. The fruit (popularly, but 



incorrectly, termed a berry, being boUnically a sorosis) of the iforvi 

 niyer, is officinal in Britain. It u formed by a partial union of the. 

 enlarged and fleshy calices, each calyx enclosing a dry membranous 

 pericarp. It is at first green, then red, and at last of a deep M. .let 

 black, and contains much juice of a like colour. It has much mucilage, 

 an astringent resin, sugar, which gives it a sweetish taste, an :<:<]. 

 termed tartaric by some, malic by others. The officinal form is a 

 syrup, to prepare which the fruit should be gathered before it is .|\iito 

 ripe. Tin or copper vessels, or any dish lined with either of these 

 metals, should be avoided in making it porcelain vessels are best. A 

 vinegar, similar to raspberry vinegar, may be prepared with thin fruit, 

 which, like the syrup when mixed with water, forms a pleasant, cooling, 

 refrigerant drink in febrile diseases, or as a gargle in simple inflam- 

 matory sore-throat But the syrup is chiefly used as a colouring 

 ingredient The fruit is susceptible of many other uses, economic and 

 domestic. Too free indulgence in the fruit, even when fully ripe, is 

 liable to cause diarrhoea. Many of the fruits drop from the tm 

 before they are ripe, and are apt to be picked up and eat 

 children. No unripe fruit causes such severe griping. An emetic 

 followed by rhubarb is necessary. The root of the mulberry U 

 anthelmintic. 



The wood of the Morus tincloria, Linn. (Brouttoiietia tinctoria, 

 Kunth; Maduria aurantiaca, Nutt.) contains a valuable colouring 

 principle, which Chevreul has termed morin. The Houjaune ia the 

 French name of this tree. (See Chevreul, ' Lecons de Chimie appliquee 

 a la teinture.'t 



MULE ; MULEJENNY. [COTTON MANUFACTURE.] 



MULIER. [BASTARD.] 



MULLET. [HERALDRY.] 



MULLION (by some supposed to be a corruption of muntiion, from 

 the Latin munto, to defend or strengthen), a term in Gothic architec- 

 ture applied to the upright bars, or stone shafts, dividing the general 

 aperture of a window into secondary openings, which are again in IVr- 

 pendicular or Third Pointed windows frequently subdivided vertically 

 by a similar shaft crossing the mullions horizontally, and therefore 

 called a transom; whereby the whole space beneath the head of a 

 window (supposing it to be an arched one) is formed into a series of 

 pannels in which the glass is fixed, and which are sometimes technically 

 distinguished as lights or dai/s. Except in very Hinall windows not 

 exceeding in width one such light or compartment, mullions invariably 

 occur in Gothic windows, being in fact absolutely necessary when no 

 other mode of glazing was practised than that of small pane- 

 lead, because without some kind of strengthening or support, either by 

 stone or metal rods, a spacious surface of the kind would be damaged 

 by a strong wind, whereas each division becomes a separate window of 

 no greater width than a single small one : consequently the number of 

 the mullions depends upon the width of the window. Two-mullioned 

 and three-mullioned windows are the most usual in ecclesiastical archi- 

 tecture, except for the large east or west windows in churches, or 

 windows of nearly equal dimensions in other buildings. In tin 

 are frequently very numerous ; that, for instance, in the facade of York 

 Cathedral is divided into eight lights or compartments by seven mul- 

 lions, while that above the entrance to Westminster Hall has eight 

 mullions. Again, the former of these is untramomcd, but the other is 

 trantomcd, being divided in its height to the spring of tho arch into 

 two tiers of arch-headed compartments ; it also affords an instance of 

 what is by no means uncommon in third pointed buildings of principal 

 and subordinate mullions, being divided by two larger mullinns into 

 three leading compartments, each of which contains three smaller ones. 

 The lesser or simple mullions, sometimes described as those of the ji,-tl 

 order, consist of the mouldings which run into and form the cusps, 

 where the heads of the compartments are foiled; while the larger 

 ones have additional mouldings. In explanation of this we ma;, 

 to the window from Kirton Church, at col. 443, GOTHIC ARCHITEC- 

 TURE, where the centre mullion is larger and composed of more 

 mouldings than the other two, which have only those that form the 

 cusps. As far as they go, the other specimens of windows given in 

 that article will further exemplify the subject of mullions, and 

 serve to render it evident that unless windows were so divided it 

 would be impossible that their heads should be filled up with 

 tracery. 

 { MULTINOMIAL. [POLYNOMIAL.] 



MULTIPLE, SUBMULTIPLE, MULTIPLICATION. Any num- 

 ber of equal magnitudes added together give a multiple of any one 

 among them. Thus 4 + 4 + 4, or 12, is ,a multiple of 4. And sub- 

 multiple is the inverse term to multiple : thus 12 being a multiple of 

 4, 4 U a fui-multiple of 12. The term submultiple is equivalent to 

 ALIQUOT PART. 



The derivation of the word is from multi-plex, mani-fold, and multi- 

 plication is the process of forming a multiple. Thus to multiply 184 

 yards by 279 is to repeat 184 yards 279 times, and to add all the 

 results together. And this is the first and fundamental meaning of 

 multiplication. Its usual symbol is x : thus 4 x 3 is 12. 



If we look at the primary rules of arithmetic, we shall see that 

 multiplication is the only one which cannot be entirely performed upon 

 concrete quantities. To or from 100 yards 50 yards can be added or 

 subtracted, and 100 yards can be divided by 50 yards; but 100 yards 

 cannot be multiplied by 60 yards, The very definition of multiplica- 



