MULTIPLICATION. 



MUMMY. 



w see that y, in general, hM two values, and to has *: to each value 



of the former belongs one of the Utter. But in the single cue of 

 x=k. both values of y become equl, or y has only one value; while 



i* ha* the two Tlue + V (*-) *- V (-") There is then a 



ax 



multiple point when x=b and y=e; and u (wo branches cut ..no 



another, it is called a double point Similarly, had there been three, 



four, Ac. branches, it would have bean called a triple, quadruple, Ac. 



point. 



It u not worth while to enter here on the general method of 

 determining double, Ac. points. (See ' Lib. Usef. Kn.', ' Differential 

 Calculus,' p. 182.) 



MULTIPLICATION. [MULTIPLE, Ac.] 



MUMMY, a name derived from the Persian and Arabic word mom, 

 signifying wax; or even possibly contracted from the Greek word 

 amomom, introduced into use about the 15th century, expressive of an 

 embalmed or dried body, either of a man or animal, preserved, by 

 resinous gums, wax, or salt, and even desiccation, from decay. The 

 Egyptians themselves called such bodies taltu ; and the word Qabbara 

 used by St. Augustine (Serm. ccclxi, 12), is probably the hieroglyphic 

 kkeprr, or " transformation," a term sometimes applied to the dead. 

 The reason of thus preserving the body is involved in great obscurity, 

 and its origin can be traced to the very earliest existence of the 

 Egyptians. According to the classical authors, the welfare of the soul 

 ana iU protection from the palingenesis, or transmigration, depended 

 on the preservation of the body to which it returned after the accom- 

 plishment of its cycle of existence of 3000 or 10,000 years. (Servius 

 ad VirgiL ' &n.,' iii. 67.) The Egyptians had also great horror of the 

 body being devoured by insects, or burnt by fire. It has been also 

 conjectured that physical reasons may have introduced the custom, it 

 being impossible to bury the dead in an alluvial soil annually flooded, 

 or deposit them unembalmed in hills adjacent to cities, loading the air 

 with infectious vapours. (Rosellini, ' Sinn. Civ.,' iii. p. 810 ; ' Can- 

 siodorus ColL, 1 15, c. 8.) 



The hieroglyphical inscriptions throw some light upon Egyptian 

 notions, showing that it was an object of solicitude that the soul should 

 depart from earth, and that the body should remain or endure in iU 

 sepulchre. According to the sepulchral ritual (Lepaius, ' Todtenbuch,' 

 tat xxxiii., c, 89), the soul revisited the mummy, and if this wasted or 

 decayed the soul immediately transmigrated. (Lepsius, ' Todt ,' tat Irxv. , 

 c. 154.) In the moral nature of man, the hieroglyphical legends assert 



. . 



that the soul is the good and immortal principle, while the body is the 

 bad and perishable (Rosellini, ' Mon. Civ.,' iii, p. 830) ; but every care 

 was taken that physical means could devise, or theological ingenuity 

 invent, to prevent the mortal frame from being destroyed. The corpse 

 was embalmed after the model of that of Osiris ; and the invention of 

 the art was ascribed to his son Anubis, who first performed this office 

 for his father. At PhiUc the wall paintings represent the embalm- 

 ment of Osiris ; and other paintings in the tombs show the embalmers 

 engaged hi their occupation, the bodies ready for embalmment, the 

 bandaging of mummies, and the preparation of the funeral equipment. 

 ( RoselUni, ' Mon. Civ.,' tav. cxxv.) The following were the rites of this 

 art : Immediately on the death of a person the relations, male and 

 female, of the deceased raised throughout the city the funeral wail. The 

 body, if a female, was retained a few days at home ; those of males were 

 delivered at once to the undertakers, called by the Greeks Paratchutie, 

 or " flank incisors," a polluted class, who were excluded from entrance 

 into the temples, and even obliged to reside in the cemeteries or 

 the suburbs of the great cities. (Strabo, xvii. 1145; Manetho, 

 ' Apotelesm.,' vi. 549.) These jxuutdntta had at the time of the 

 Ptolemies the right of incising the corpses of particular district*, and 

 severs! papyri attest their contracts or record their litigations. The 

 principal Greek authorities (Herodotus, ii. 85, 87; Diodorus, i. 91) 

 Lave given rather discrepant accounts of the offices of the paratchitta 

 and taridtake, but the following appears to have been the mode of 

 ftn*lr"'"g in their days. After the corpse had been transported to 

 the establishment of the embalmers, a scribe drew with a reed on the 

 left side, below the ribs, the lino of the incision to be made by the 

 faratfkalei. One of that fraternity then, with an " ^Gthiopic stone," 

 a kind of rude knife of flint or obsidian, made the necessary wound, 

 and was immediately pursued by the bystanders with stones and im- 

 precations, as if he had committed a heinous crime. Another of the 

 embalmers, probably one of the class called tarichcuta, or " picklern," 

 then proceeded to draw or remove the entrails and thoracic viscera, 

 leaving only the heart and kidneys in the body. The viscera were 

 soaked with palm wine and aromatic drugs ; or, according to Porphyry 

 ('De Abst,' liv. iv., c. 10), the viscera were placed in a vessel and 

 thrown, as the causers of impurity, into the Nile, after an appropriate 

 prayer. Other embalmers, or laricheula, proceeded at the same time 

 with the extraction of the brain, which was removed with a crooked 

 instrument of bronze, resembling a catheter, through the nose, in order 

 to deprive the body of the soft portions, which were most Ii 

 decay, and enable them to confine their operations to the preservation 

 of the skin and muscles. The subsequent operations depended upon 

 the wealth and taste of the friends of the deceased. In the age of 

 Herodotus three modes of embalming prevailed, models of which were 



shown by the tanrkenta in their shops to the relatives of the deceased. 



In tin- first process, which cost a talent of silver (about 



used only by the wealthiest classes, certain drugs w.-i. ititr 



into the vacant cavity of the skull through the nostri 



bathed or rinsed with palm wine, and afterwards filled with )>v, 



resins, cassia, and other aromatic drugs, and then the flank in. 



sewn up. After the body had been plunged into natron for 7" 



it was wrapped up in linen bandages, anointed with gum* which 1 1-.- 



Egyptians used instead of glue, finally placed in a wooden cull:: 



et upright against the wall, either in the home of the deceased or in a 



mortuary chapel. For persons of more moderate means a cheaper 



process, costing only 20 mineo (81/. St.), was employed ; the brain was 



apparently removed, but the panuchistti was not called in to mak 



flauk incision, the viscera being injected with oil of cedar, an 



body steeped in natron for 70 days, after which the viscera came 



and the skin and bones only remained. The third process cost a trilling 



sum, not mentioned, and was used only by the poorer class. 



was washed with myrrh, and salted for 70 days. (Her.nl., ii. 87.) 



Diodorus, indeed, makes the period only about 30 d.v longer 



period seems more correct. 



When the body was finally prepared, the mummies were .' 

 their families ; but it sometimes happened that a . 

 elapsed before they were finally committed to the tomb, ami tli. . 

 till then retained at home (Cicero, ' TuscuL,' i. 45 ; Taci' 

 7 ; Mela, i., c. 9), and sometimes produced at festive entertainmenta 

 (Lucian, 'deLuctu,' 21). Even as late as the days of .- 

 A.D. 325, mummies were kept at home on couches ( A th.in . ' V ; 

 a custom which was reproved by the fathers of the church. (Damage. 

 Or. i. 'tie Iinag. ;' St. Hieronym., vita St. Hilar: 



period of their embalming and mourning the relations abstained from 

 the use of the bath, of wine, and of delicate food, and array. -.1 them- 

 selves in mourning or coarse garments. When finally < in the 



sepulchre, the. mummies were confided to the care of the rh<>lch 

 class of priests of higher rank than the laricln /-, or embalinerx ; 

 were deemed a respectable fraternity, admitted into the i 

 enjoyed the privilegeof sanding the floor. (Peyron, 'Papiri Crei-i.,' i. p. 

 (Ji) It has been supposed that they wrapped the mummies in linen Inn- 

 dages, after the model of Osiris (Athenagoras, ' Legat. pro < 

 Damage, in ' Phot. Bibl.' cod. ccxlL ; Suidas, ' race Heraiskos'), but 

 hardly probable, as females belonged to the class. tiv.\r"'i. 'Pap. 

 Greci,' 1827, ii. p. 48-64.) They rather appear t.> have inli.-il.it.-.l th.- 

 Thynabouna, and the Slemnoneia, or necropolis on the western bank 

 at Thebes, and to have been engaged in celebrating the funeral masses 

 of the mummies, to which certain emoluments were attache.!, ni'l 

 which they sold with the houses they occupied and the mumuiu> 

 their charge. Many papyri contain their plaints : one, A.D. 127, records 



. 



the injuries and thefts perpetrated by resurrectionists on the funeral 

 paraphernalia of their mummies to the amount of about '2*1. or 7-1. 

 (Letronne, ' Nouvelles Annalen,' i p. 273 ; Kosegarten, ' 1!. 

 ueber ein jEgypt. Text, ernes Papyrus,' 4to, Greisf. 1824 ) ; ami it .u 

 from the document that the doors of the sepulchre had be. 

 and the mummies themselves become the prey of prow! 

 The mummies were sent in funeral barges or tarn down the Nile t.i 

 their sepulchres, the poorer shipping them on board the pul.li. , 

 and merely attaching to them a tessera or ticket of wood ; \\hil. 

 individuals hired a private baru, and despatched a messenger with a 

 letter describing the private marks on the bandages by which they 

 might be recognised. (Peyron, B., ' Papiri Greci,' p. 40.) 



Not only were the bodies of the Egyptians thus embalmed, but 

 those also of persons who died in the country were subjected to the 

 same process. One of the earliest embalmments on record is that of 

 the patriarch Jacob, who was prepared in this manner f< >r ' 

 (Ceii. 1. 3.) Joseph was also, according to Ihe rabbinical wr 

 embalmed and buried either in the bed or on the banks of th, 

 (Gen., L 26; Isaiah, Ixv. 4.) The body of Alexand. ' was 



embalmed with honey (Statins, 'Silv.,' iii., 2, 116), and axW 

 Alexandria till the age of the Emperor Severus, and wa.- 

 and handled by Augustus on his visit to that city. (I'io.. 

 The bodies of Antony and Cleopatra were embalmed in the Kgypti:ui 

 manner, and deposited hi the some sepulchre, and that of the unfortu- 

 nate queen was subsequently found entire by the Km].. MI- 11. 

 . ad Sophocl.') Embalmment was also the right of the : 

 Egyptians, even of malefactors; and those who were injured by 

 crocodiles were treated with remarkable honour, and buried at the 

 expense of the nearest city. The Ethiopians, according < 

 (iii. c. 24), embalmed in nearly the same manner as th. 

 they appear to have coated the body with lime, and to have pb 

 in a sarcophagus of glass or some other transparent substan. 

 after keeping it about a year in their h,.n.-.-H, and offering and praying 

 to it, to have finally placed it outside the city. 



It is clear that in the space of more than 2000 years the i 

 preparing mummies must have gr. i, ....! that individual 



caprice must have been ined in so cm pi i The 



older writers (Lan/..n., ' ! llalsamatione,' 12mo, 10!<:ii dhid...l th. m 

 into six kinds, but the more recent observers have 

 as : 1. Drying the bodies in the sand, chiefly emph -. 

 classes (Magnus, 1,'das Einbalsarniren,' p. 26; Uelziii, ' Disco-.. 

 p. 170) ; 2. Salting in natron, and then drying ; 3. Boiling in resins and 



