MUREXAN. 



MT>KS. 



Ml 



or prevent hi* escape from justice ; provided the officer knew, or had 

 luuan to belief*. that the party attempting to escape was aware that 

 be wai punned for luch felony or wound given. 



Abo, where any officer of justice, or other person lawfully executing 

 in a lawful manner any civil or criminal process, or other authority for 

 the advancement of the law, or interposing in a lawful manner fur the 

 prevention or suppression of any breach of the peace or other offence, 

 is unlawfully and forcibly resisted, and using no more force than is 

 necessary to overcome such resistance, happens to kill the party 

 resisting ; or being, by reason of the violence opposed to him, under 

 reasonable fear of death if he proceed to execute his duty, and because 

 be cannot otherwise both execute his duty and preserve his life, kills 

 him whoso resists in either of these cases the homicide U justifiable. 



Homicide is also justifiable, when necessary for preventing the 



force than is necessary for the defence of such property against wrong, 

 happens to kill the assailant; or being, from the violence of the 

 assailant, under a reasonable and frond Jiile apprehension that he cannot 

 otherwise both defend his property and preserve his life, kills the 

 ssssilint ; also where one in lawful possession of house or land, after 

 requesting another, who has no right to be there, to depart, is resisted, 

 and using no more force than is necessary to remove such wrong-doer 

 and retain his possession, happens to kill such wrong-doer; or being, 

 from the violence with which such wrong-doer endeavours to deprive 

 him of possession under reasonable and frond Jiiit apprehension that he 

 cannot otherwise both maintain possession and preserve his life, kills 

 such wrong-doer. 



Homicide is excusable, when a man U involuntarily placed in such a 

 situation that be is under the necessity of killing another in order to 

 save his own life ; as where, in a shipwreck, A pushes B from a plank 

 which can save one only. 



Homicide is not criminal, when it occurs in the practice of any 

 lawful sport or exercise with weapons not of a deadly nature, and 

 without intent to do bodily harm, and where no unfair advantage is 

 intended or taken. But it amounts to manslaughter where weapons 

 are used, the use of which is attended with probable danger ; or where, 

 in friendly contest, without the use of such weapons, death results from 

 any unfair advantage taken, either as regards the nature of the instru- 

 ment, the mode of using it, the want of due warning given previously 

 to violence used, or from any want of due caution. Tournaments, 

 though a sport in which deadly weapons were used, yet, being con- 

 sidered a useful training to arms, were lawful if held with the consent 

 of the king. In case of death, therefore, in the course of one of these 

 exhibitions, the criminality of the act appears to have depended upon 

 the royal licence for the holding of the tournament. [TOURNAMENT.] 



The statute of 9 Oeo. IV., e. 31, s. 3, enacts, that every person 

 convicted of murder, or of being accessory before the fact to murder, 

 shall u9er death ; and that every accessory after the fact to murder, 

 shall be liable, at the discretion of the court, to be transported for life, 

 or to be imprisoned, with or without hard labour, for any term not 

 exceeding four years. Penal servitude is now substituted for trans- 

 portation. By an net passed in 1752 (25 Oeo. II., cap. 87), the bodies 

 of persons executed for murder were directed to be delivered to 

 surgeons to be dissected, or to be hanged in chains. The 2 & 3 Win. 

 IV., c. 75, required that such persons should be hung in chains, or 

 buried within the precincts of the prison. The 4 and 5 \Vm. IV., c. 26, 

 a. l.took away the former part of the alternative, and the mode of 

 burial is the only circumstance which distinguishes sentences upon a 

 conviction for murder from those pronounced in other capital cases. 

 Formerly the murder of a bishop, abbot, or prior, by a person owing 

 him canonical obedience, of a master or mistress by a servant, or of a 

 husband by bis wife, was denominated petty treason, and punished with 

 greater severity than other murders. The party was drawn to the 

 place of execution ; and if the offender was a woman, burning was, as 

 in the case of high treason, substituted for hanging ; but by the 

 9 Oeo. IV., c. 31, s. 2, petty treason is to be treated as murder only. 



The offence of manslaughter is now punishable with penal servitude 

 for life, or for a term of years, or with imprisonment, with or without 

 hard labour, not exceeding four years, or with fine. (Foster; East; 

 /YrtirfA Jirjtnrt of Criminal-Lav Commift'on;r<.) 



MIMKXAN. fUmc Am,.] 



MfltKXID. [UaioAcn>.] 



MI'KKXiilX. [I-AM-MM-.] 



MIIUATIC ACID. [CHLOHIXK; ItydnxUnric Arid.] 



MU'.KIII.NE VASES. [VASIS] 



HUSCA (the Fly), a constellation so called by Lacaille, being the 

 Apis of Bayer. It is situated immediately below Crux, and between 

 the latter and the South Pole. The principal stars are as follows : 



' > 

 







y 



No. In Catalogue 

 No. In Catalogs of Ilrltih 



of Untile. 

 5213 



.MSI 



acini Ion. 

 4245 

 4280 

 4224 



43.13 



Magnitude. 

 4 

 4 

 4 

 4 



MUSCOVADO SUGAR [SDQAB.] 



MUSES (Muta, in Latin ; MoCm, in Oreek), the name of certain 

 sister goddesses in the Greek mythology, who were supposed to preside 

 over the arts of poetry and music, and the sciences of history and 

 astronomy. The original conception of the Muses must be sought for 

 in that disposition of the human mind which prompts us to embody 

 abstract ideas in a sensuous form. Such seems likewise to have been 

 the origin of the Graces, Fates, Furies, and other mythological 

 personages of that class. [GRACES.] In the instance of the Muses, 

 the powers of memory, music, and song were personified into individual 

 goddesses, who were supposed to inspire men with these gifts. At 

 first the MUMS were said to be only three : Mneme, that is, " memory ; " 

 Melete, or ".meditation ; " and Aoide, or " song " ; and they resided of 

 old on Mount Helicon in Bocotia. (Pausanias, ix. 29.) According to 

 the poet Alcman, they were the daughters of Uranus and Geea, or the 

 earth. Cicero (' De Natur. Deorum,' iii. 21) mentions four, namely, 

 Tholxinoe, "mind-soother;" Arche, or "beginning;" Aoide; and 

 Melete; and he says that they were the offspring of the second Jupiter. 

 He goes on to say that there were other Muses, nine in number, bom 

 of the third Jupiter (the son of Saturn) and of Mnemosyne; and also a 

 thin! family of Muses, called Pierides by the poets, who were the 

 daughters of the third Jupiter and Antiope, and were similar in tbeir 

 names and equal in number to the preceding. Hesiod, in his ' Theogony ' 

 (53), reckons nine muses, daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, and gives 

 their names as follows : Calliope, Clio, Melpomene, Thalia, Euterpe, 

 Terpsichore, Erato, Polyhymnia, and Urania, and he says that Pieria 

 in Macedonia was tbeir first dwelling-place. These are the Muses 

 generally alluded to by the poets. It appears that the worship of the 

 Muses was introduced from Macedonia into Bceotia, Phocis, and other 

 parts of Hellas. The story of the contest of the Muses with the nine 

 daughters of Pierus, a Macedonian, who pretended to rival the Muses 

 in singing, but were vanquished and changed into magpies (Ovidius, 

 ' Metamorph.,' v.) may have been, as some critics have conjectured, an 

 allegory originating in the national vanity of the Greeks, to show their 

 superiority in the arts and sciences over their Macedonian neighbours. 

 The Thracian bard Tliamyris tried a like chance, with a like result ; 

 he had his eyes put out and was deprived of his lyre. 



Homer mentions the Muses as the goddesses of song, who inhabited 

 lofty Olympus, but he does not specify their number or names. In the 

 second book of the Iliad he invokes them, " to whom all things are 

 known," to assist his memory while he is enumerating the leaders of 

 the Oreek forces at Troy. The occupations of the Muses were singing, 

 dancing, and attending the banquets of the Gods. They were the 

 attendants of Apollo and also of Bacchus. The name Musa is supposed 

 by some to be derived from a Greek verb which means ' to dim- 

 because the Muses were said to be acquainted with recondite myste- 

 ries and future events ; but this etymology is mere trifling, and the 

 origin of the name is unknown. They were represented as handsome 

 and modest virgins, with an intellectual expression of countenance, 

 and dressed in long tunics, with wreaths of laurel, ivy, or palm leaves 

 on their heads, or occasionally feathers, in allusion to their victory 

 over the Sirens. It was only in later ages that peculiar attributes were 

 given to each of them by the artists, and a peculiar dejiartniviit of 

 science was assigned to each by the poets. In several paintings of 

 iinMim they are represented with their respective attributes, 

 and with their respective names written tinder each. By comparing 

 these with several rilievos, medals, and mosaics, their identity becomes 

 confirmed. The following is a list of the Muses, with the allegorical 

 ; of their names, and the attributes commonly borne by them : 



Clio, from elfin, " to celebrate glorious deeds," is represented with a 

 scroll in her hand, and also sometimes with a " scrinium " to keep 

 MSS. in, by her side ; and is commonly seated. She has been styled 

 the Muse of History. 



Calliope, " fine voice," is represented with tablets and a style ; some- 

 times with a tnimpet in her hand ; in some instances, as at Hercu- 

 laneum, with a scroll like Clio. She was the Epic Muse. 



Mel|K>mene, " the singer," wears a royal clia<]fin round her head, and 

 a wreath of vine leaves, with cothurni on her feet ; she so stands as to 

 exhibit her full size, and holds a mask in the left hand, and a club in 

 the right She was the Muse of Tragedy. 



Thalia, "the joyous," the Muse of Comedy, is also crowm.l with 

 vine leaves, has a crook in one hand and a grotesque mask in tin- 

 other. 



rpe, " the pleasing," carries a double flute. She presided over 

 music and lyric poetry. 



Terpsichore, " dnnce-loving," carried a lyre and plectrum, and 

 presided over choral poetry and dance. 



Erato, " the lovely," carries also a lyre. She was the Muse of elegy 

 and amatory song. 



"mia or Polyhymnia, "of many songs," is representol u i 

 up in licr ulo.ik, and lmri>'<l in nmlitation, usually leaning her ellmw on 

 a rock, ometimef with the fore-finger of her right hand across her 

 month, in token of reserv. n. She was the Muse of religious 



song, allegories, and mytl 



I'rani.i. "tin- heavenly." bas the globe and compasses in her hands, 

 which nrc the emblems of her calling, astronomy. 



In the Oncco-1! n in the British Museum, are several 



statues of different Muses; and the whole of them nre twice repre- 



