909 



NAZARENES. 



NEBULAS. 



910 



then in the proportion of three years' agent's time as two of sea 

 service. 



For every year's service as acting lieutenant, mate, or passed mid- 

 shipman, after the completion of two years' service or combined service 

 in those ranks, an officer to be allowed 3rf. per diem additional. 



Greenwich Out-pensions. All officers on the active list who accept 

 the out-pension of Greenwich Hospital to be placed on the retired list 

 of the rank which they may hold ; and to be permitted to assume a 

 step in rank on reaching the age of sixty, but without further increase 

 of pay. 



1. All officers retired under this scheme to be eligible for the out- 

 pension of Greenwich Hospital for the rank that they held on the 

 active list, provided that they shall have served the following periods 

 of commissioned time afloat : 



Captains, 15 years, including time as commanders and lieutenants. 

 Commanders, 12 years, including tune as lieutenants. 

 Lieutenants, 9 years in that rank. 



2. Officers who have received, or who may hereafter receive, severe 

 wounds in action, or disabling hurts on actual service, are to be 

 exempt from the above rule respecting time of service. 



3. Officers on the existing reserved and retired lists or captains or 

 commanders to be eligible for the out-pension of Greenwich Hospital, 

 on the conditions stated in articles 1 and 2 of this section. 



4. The regulations laid down in the scheme of retirement respecting 

 time served in the coast-guard, transport, or mail service, to apply to 

 tlif time required to be served for Greenwich out-pension. 



The following pensions will be allowed to the widows of officers 

 retired under this scheme, namely : 



1 . Captains of 3 years' standing and upwards 



2. Captains under 3 years 1 standing . . 



3. Commanders retired with the nmk of captain . 



4. Lieutenants raised to the rank of commander 



90(. a year. 

 80/. 



75'. 

 60/. 



We will now turn to that noble establishment and asylum for worn- 

 out and disabled seamen, Greenwich Hospital. The revenue of the 

 hospital is abotit 150,000?. a-year. The establishment consists of a 

 governor, lieutenant-governor (both flag-officers), four captains, and 

 eight lieutenants, residing in the hospital. There are about 2710 in- 

 penmoners, and 120 matrons and nurses, all of whom must be seamen's 

 widows. 



There are two schools at Greenwich, called the Upper and Lower 

 Schools. 



The Upper School comprises two classes : 



1st. One hundred sons of commissioned and ward-room officers of 

 the Royal Navy and marines. 



2nd. Three hundred sons of officers of the above or inferior rank, 

 and of private seamen and marines who have served or are serving her 

 Majesty, and of officers and seamen of the merchant service. 



They are admitted from ten to eleven years of age, under certain 

 rc.-nlations, and are subject to the same discipline, diet, education, 

 clothing, and destination. At the age of fifteen, or sooner, if the 

 course of education be completed, they are sent to sea in the queen's 

 or merchant service, or otherwise disposed of. 



The Lower School consists of 400 boys, the children of warrant and 

 petty officers, seamen and non-commissioned officers and privates of 

 marines, who have served or are serving, or have lost their lives in the 

 service of her Majesty. They are admitted from nine to eleven years 

 of age, and quit at fifteen, the boy being sent to sea ; any unprovided 

 for at fifteen are sent to their parents or guardians. Any boy may 

 be removed from this to the Upper School on obtaining a presenta- 

 tion, if not more than eleven years old, and possessing character and 

 abilities. 



Prizes taken by naval officers are the property of the captors, accord- 

 ing to a certain scale, varying with the rank. There are ten classes 

 of which second-class boys are the lowest, having only one share, and 

 flag-officers the highest. 



When any of her Majesty's ship* carries bullion or jewels or freight, 

 the captain or commander u allowed a per centage, regulated by the 

 queen in council, as compensation for the risk and charge, one-fourth 

 part of which is given to Greenwich Hospital, one-fourth part to the 

 commander-in-chief if he shares the responsibility, and the other half 

 to the, captain. 



Officers settling in the Australian colonies are allowed a remission of 

 the purchase-money, in amount from 100A to 300, according to their 

 rank and length of service. 



NAZARENES. It appears from many parts of the New Testament, 

 that the majority of the Jewish converts to Christianity continued to 

 observe the precepts and ceremonies of the Mosaic law. The destruc- 

 tion of Jerusalem by Titus was the cause of many of the Jewish 

 Christians laying aside their peculiar customs; and from this time 

 those Christians who continued to preserve the Mosaic law appear to 

 have received the name of Nazarenes and Ebionites. [EBIONITES.] 

 These two aect, though frequently confounded, differed in many 

 essential particulars ; the Ebionites held many erroneous opinions on 

 some of the leading doctrines of the Christian faith, while the former 

 liffered from the orthodox in maintaining that Jewish Christians 

 were bound to observe the Mosaic law as well as the precepts and 

 commandment of the Christian religion. The early fathers do not 



appear to have regarded the Nazarenes as heretics, indeed the name 

 was applied commonly to all the disciples of Christ. This may be the 

 reason why we find no mention of them till the fourth century, when 

 they are named, for the first time, by Epiphanius, and when it is 

 asserted they have some peculiar opinions as to the divinity of Christ. 

 On the gospel of the Nazarenes, see GOSPEL. 



(Burton's Lectures on the Ecclesiastical History of the Second and 

 Third Centuries; Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History, vol. i.) 



NE EXEAT REGNO, is a writ which issues out of Chancery on 

 the application of a complainant, to prevent his debtor from leaving 

 the realm, being, in short, the capias of the Court of Chancery. It is 

 directed to the sheriff of the county in which the debtor is ; and 

 commands him to cause the debtor to give sufficient bail or 



security, in the sum of /., that he will not go, or attempt to go, 



into parts beyond the seas, without leave of the court ; and in case he 

 shall refuse, to commit him to prison until he shall do it of his own 

 accord, &c. 



The writ cannot be applied for unless in a suit, that is, unless a bill 

 is already filed ; but a plaintiff may apply for it in any stage of a suit, 

 whether the writ is prayed for by the bill or not. There must be a 

 debt in equity actually due at the time when the writ is applied for ; 

 for the writ is not obtainable for a demand on which a party can be 

 held to bail at law. The affidavit must also show that the defendant 

 is going abroad, or it must show facts which prove that conclusion, 

 and that the debt will be in danger if he quit the realm. The wi it may 

 be moved for ex parte, and issues until answer or further order. A 

 defendant may apply to discharge the writ on putting in his answer. 



This writ is founded on the real or supposed prerogative of the king 

 to restrain his subjects from departing from the realm. The " Natura 

 Brevium " contains two forms of writs, one of which has for its object 

 to restrain a clergyman from going abroad without the king's licence ; 

 and commands the sheriff to take security from him or commit him to 

 prison ; the other has for its object to prevent a layman from going 

 abroad without the king's licence ; but it requires no security from 

 the party, and differs in several other respects from the other writ. 

 These writs are both entitled De Securitate Invenienda, &c., and seem 

 to be in substance, though not in name, writs of Ne Exeat Regno. 

 From the former the present writ seems to be derived. 



It is said that the object of the writ, as applied to clergymen, was to 

 prevent them from having frequent intercourse with the Papal see. 

 Whether the prerogative on which these writs were founded was a 

 usurpation on the part of the crown or not, is a matter which has been 

 somewhat discussed. The opinion that such a power as that which is 

 exercised by this writ, " appears to have been unknown to the ancient 

 common law, which, in the freedom of its spirit, allowed every man to 

 depart the realm at his own pleasure " (Beames), is a vague surmise, 

 expressed in language equally vague. 



(A Brief View of the Writ Ne Exeat Ret/no by Beames.) 



NEAP TIDES. [TIDES.] 



NEBULJ5. A class of objects in the sidereal heavens, distinguish- 

 able by a dim light and the absence of any definite outline. The 

 earliest notice of nebula; is to be found in the ' Syntaxis ' of Ptolemy, 

 who has inserted five objects in his catalogue under the appellation of 

 climdy stars. The application of the telescope to astronomical observa- 

 tion revealed the real nature of the earlier nebula:. It was found that 

 in every instance they really consisted of an aggregate number of stars, 

 apparently so close to each other that they failed to produce an im- 

 pression of their individual existence upon the eye. In 1614, Simon 

 Marius discovered a nebula in the constellation Andromeda, which 

 seemed to be of a totally different nature to any of the nebula; hitherto 

 discovered, inasmuch as when observed in the telescope it was found to 

 be irresolvible into stars. Its discoverer compared the aspect presented 

 by it to that exhibited by the light of a candle when viewed through 

 a transparent horn. In 1618 a similar object was discovered in the 

 constellation Orion, by Cyxatus, a Swiss astronomer. Huyghens, who 

 recognised this nebula in 1656, without having been aware of its pre- 

 vious discovery, was struck with amazement at its singular aspect. 

 The region in the vicinity of the nebula being intensely black, he con- 

 ceived that the phenomenon was occasioned by looking through an 

 aperture in the heavens into the luminous region beyond. 



About the middle of the last century, the number of nebulae dis- 

 covered by astronomers amounted to little more than twenty. In 

 1755, Lacaille, the French astronomer, announced to the Academy of 

 Sciences the existence of 42 additional nebula; in the southern hemi- 

 sphere. He divided them into three distinct classes. The first class 

 comprised those objects which, when viewed in the telescope, were 

 found to retain their nebulous aspect without affording any indication 

 of sidereal structure. The second class consisted of such nebula; as 

 were resolvable by the telescope into stars. The third class consisted 

 of stars surrounded by a nebulous substance. Messier, another BVench 

 astronomer, was the discoverer of no fewer than 103 new nebulic. His 

 observations are recorded in the ' Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences ' 

 for 1771, and in the volumes of the ' Connaissance des Temps ' for 1783 

 and 1784. 



The elder Herschel was the next astronomer who contributed towards 

 the existing knowledge respecting nebula;. In 1786 he communicated 

 to the Royal Society a catalogue of 1000 new nebula; This was fol- 

 lowed by a second catalogue, communicated to the same Society in 



