NK'UXXJY. 



arcngvs wrong doing : in aome respects Neineai* i* the equivalent o' 

 1tn ff ( T n~. According to Heuod, he was the daughter of Night, by 

 other* she k called the daughter of Erebus. ( Tbeog.,' 223 ; compare 

 Pan*., vii. 6, 5 1.) There wu a celebrated temple sacred to her at 

 Rhamnu*, one of the demi of Attica, about sixty stadia diitant from 

 Marathon. In thii temple there waa a statue of the godded, made 

 from a block of Parian marble, which the Persian* had brought thither 

 to erect aa a trophy of their expected victory at Marathon. Paunanios 

 ays that this statue was the work of Pkidiaa (i. 33, 2, 3) ; but Pliny 

 ascribes it to Agoracritua ; and add* that it waa preferred by M. Varro 

 to all other statue* which existed. (' Hut. Nat., 1 xxxvi., 4, 3.) A 

 fragment, supposed by some to be the head of tliu statue, was found in 

 the temple of Rhamnua, and waa presented to the British Museum in 

 1830 : it is now No. _:.. in the Elgin Saloon. The inhabiunU of 

 Rhamnus considered NenieaU to be the daughter of Oceanus. (Pans., 

 vii. 5, J 1.) 



. The practice of representing the statues of Nemesis with wings was. 

 first introduced after the time of Alexander the Great by the inhabit- 

 ants of Smyrna, who worshipped several goddesses under this name. 

 (Paus., vii. 5, 1 ; ix. 35, 2.) She is often figured on ancient coins and 

 gem*, and sometime* with the attributes of Tyche. According to 

 Miiller ('Arcbaol. der Kunst,' $ 3!)S ; and sec ' Deukrniiler der Alton 

 Kunst.' Taf. Ixxiv.), in early art Nemesis bore a strong likeness to 

 Aphrodite : later there was more of symbolism in representations of her. 



According to a myth preserved by Pausanias, Nemesis was the 

 mother of Helen by Zeus; and Leda, the reputed mother of Helen, 

 was only her nurse (i. 33, 7) ; but this myth seems to have been 

 invented in later times to represent the divine vengeance which was 

 inflicted on the Greeks and Trojans through the instrumentality of 

 Helen. 



There was a statue of Nemesis in the capital at Rome ; though we 

 learn from Pliny that this goddess had no name in Latin. (' Hist. Nat., 

 xxviii. 5 ; xi. 1U3.) 



NEOLOGY. [RATIONALISM.] 



NEOPHYTES (from a Greek word which means "newly planted") 

 is the appellation given to the converts to Christianity who have just 

 received baptism. In the early church the Neophytes, after that 

 solemn ceremony, wore white garments for eight days. They were 

 also subject to a strict discipline or probation for a much longer 

 period. The Jews, Mussulmans, or Pagans, who are converted to 

 Christianity, are called Neophytes by the Human Catholic missionaries, 

 and there are houses at Rome and other places for their reception and 

 instruction. 



NKI'HKITIS, inflammation of the substance of the kidney. Idio- 

 pathic nephritis is a very rare disease. When present more or less 

 pain is felt in the region of the kidney, which is sometimes referred to 

 the umbilicus. The pain also shoots along the ureters, and there is a 

 sense of numbness down the thigh, and in the male there is often p;iin 

 and retraction of the testicle. A frequent desire is felt to pass the 

 water, which is sometimes pale, but more frequently of a deep red 

 colour. There are nausea and vomiting, and the bowels are constipated. 

 There are also the general symptoms of inflammatory fever. Some- 

 times the inflammation proceeds to suppuration, and then pus is found 

 in the urine. 



In this disease the kidney after death presents a softened structure, 

 and the veins are loaded with blood. 



Not only is the substance of the kidney subject to inflammation, but 

 the mucous membrane lining the tubuli and the pelvis may be the seat 

 of diffuw suppurative or ulcerative inflammation, and to this condition 

 the name pyetiti* has been given. 



Inflammation of the kidneys is most frequently produced by the 

 presence of a calculus in the pelvis of the kidney, on occurrence which 

 is ordinarily called "gravel." Gravel may. however exist without 

 producing nephritis or pyelitis, but is usually accompanied by severe 

 pain in the region of the kidneys which is called nephralyia. The 

 deposits thus impacted in the kidney are of various kinds, which form 

 calculi in the bladder anil deposits in the urine after it has been passed. 

 [L'IIISK MUIIUID STATUS or.J 



iiritis and pyelitis may be the result of stricture in the urethra 

 which acts by preventing the free discharge of urine, and causes 

 inflammation of the ureters, which extends at last to the kidney. 



In the treatment of these disease* it is most important to ascertain 

 and remove the cause. When there is pus in the urine, and the other 

 symptoms of nephritis, the first inquiry should be the state of tha 

 urethra, and if stricture exists, it must be relieved. [UiiETUHA, 

 DISEASE* or.] 



In idiopatbic nephritis the treatment must be directed to the 

 reduction of the inflammation, and cupping over the loins ; purgatives 

 and opiate* will be found moat effectual, and time must be given for 

 the passage of the concretions from the kidneys into the bladder, from 

 whence they an discharged by the urethra. 



NKrri'SE, the most remote of the known members of the plane- 

 tary system. The ducovery of this planet by mean* of an investigation 

 founded on the perturbations which it produces in the movement of 

 the neighbouring planet Uranus, must ever be regarded aa one of the 

 most brilliant feat* in the annals of science. We proceed to give a 

 brief sketch of the circumstances which led to this memorable achieve- 

 i of pun theory. 



Soon after the discovery of the planet Uranus by the elder Herschel 

 in 1781, it was found that it hod been observed as a star on several 

 previous occasions by various astronomers who were unacquainted 

 with its planetary nature. The earliest of these observations dates 

 from the year 1690,'and is due to Flamsteed. The remaining place* of 

 the planet were determined partly by the same astroi> partly 



by Le Monnier and Mayer. These early observations were ' 

 exceedingly useful for determining the orbit of the planet, subsequently 

 to its discovery by Herschel. In 1821 Bouvard, the French a*- 

 HUT, published new tables of Uranus, in the introduction to which 

 "i need an unexpected result. He experienced no difficulty in 

 satisfying the earlier observations of the planet by an elliptic orbit of 

 determinate elements, nor in similarly representing the observations 

 made subsequently to its discovery in 1781, but he found it imp 

 to include both sets of observations in the same orbit. He accordingly 

 rejected the earlier observations of the planet, and constructed his tables 

 exclusively on the basis of the more modern, leaving the discovery of 

 the anomaly to future research. He appears to have suspected that 

 the discordance was due to the disturbing aetion of some unknown 

 planet. A few years afterwards this explanation received some support 

 from the circumstance that the observations of the planet 

 subsequent to the year 1821, began to exhibit a deviation from 

 Bouvard's tables. This deviation continued to increase, until at I 

 in the year 1830, the error in longitude amounted to as much as lull a 

 minute of space. 



In the year 1834, Dr. Hussey, writing to Mr. Airy, announced that 

 he found it impossible to reconcile his own recent observations of the 

 planet with Bouvard's tables. Taking this fact in connection with the 

 discordances which the French astronomer found to exist between the 

 earlier and the more modern observations, he suggested whether the 

 various errors might not be attributable to the action of some planet 

 beyond Uranus, and he expressed his intention of sweeping for the 

 undiscovered body with his large reflector, provided one or two positions 

 of it were determined empirically. Similar suspicions of the existence 

 of an exterior planet occasioning the anomalies in the movement of 

 Uranus were entertained by M. Valx, Mrs. Souiervillc, Professor 

 Miidler, and several others. 



It would appear that Bessel, shortly before hw death, had formed 

 the resolution of determining the position of the undiscovered planet 

 by an analytical investigation of the subject. On the occasion of a 

 visit which he paid to England in 1842, he expressed to Sir John 

 Herschel his firm conviction that the anomalies were due to the dis- 

 turbing action of an exterior 'planet, and he stated that as soon as he 

 had concluded certain researches in which he was engaged, he 

 seriously apply himself to the question of ascertaining its actual 

 position. In accordance with this resolution he caused all the observa- 

 tions of the planet to be carefully reduced by M. Flemming, a 

 German astronomer, but he was soon afterwards seized with the 

 illness of which he died, and no further progress was made in the 

 inquiry. 



The theory of Uranus was shortly afterwards taken up as a subject 

 of analytical investigation by Mr. J. C. Adams, of St. John's (' 

 Cambridge. He was first led to suspect that the errors in the t. 1 

 the planet were due to the disturbing action of ~ .me planet revolving 

 beyond Uranus, by a perusal of Mr. Airy's account of the progress of 

 astronomy published in the ' Report of the British AR- 

 1832. In hi* note-book he found the following memorandum : 

 under the date of July 3, 1841. " Formed a design, in the beginning 

 of this week, of investigating, as soon as possible after taking my 

 the irregularities in the motion of Uranus, which an >unted 



for ; in order to find whether they may lie attributed to the action of 

 an undiscovered planet beyond it. and if possible, thence to determine 

 approximately the element* of its orbit, Ac., which would probably 

 lead to its discovery." 



Mr. Adams took his degree in January, 1843, and shortly afte. 

 proceeded to a consideration of the theory of Uranus. The determi- 

 nation of the position of the undiscovered planet by means of the out- 

 standing errors in the motion of Uranus involves the solution of what 

 is called the inverse problem of perturbation. It was necessary, in the 

 outset of his researches, to make Homo assumption with respect to 

 the distance of the undiscovered body. In accordance with : 

 law of the planetary distances, he supposed the distance of the e 

 planet from the sun to be equal to t vice the distance of I'r.inu 

 the sun. In the autumn of 1845 bis researches were so far in 

 as to suggest the expediency of instituting a search for the undim 

 body. On one of the lost days of October, 1845, he called at the 

 Royal Observatory and left a paper containing the following elements 

 of the planet, which he had ascertained by a course of rigorous inves- 

 tigation : 



Mem distance from the Sun, the earth'i distance ) 

 being represented by unity . . . . J 

 Mean mderoal motion in 30i 25 day* 

 Mi-un longitude, October 1, 1814 . 

 Longitude of perihelion .... 



Kxccntrlcity 



Max (that of the Sun being unity) . 



These elements give 826 37' for the true heliocentric longitude of 

 the planet on October 1, 1845. The elements of the planet, derived 



38-4 

 |0M 



323' 34' 

 315 AS 



0-1610 



0-0001050 



