NICKEL. 



NICOTIANA TABACUM. 



I ,1 



down with it ; the clew liquid U treated with a current of sulphuretted 

 bvdroera to precipitate copper, bismuth, and lead, and the cobalt got 

 rid of a peroxide by a second addition of solution of bleaching 

 powder. Finally the nickel U precipitated u hydratod oxide by 

 adding sufficient milk of lime, and the metal obUined on strongly 

 beating, in a wind furnace, a mixture of black flux and the dned 

 . .. ;. 



The equivalent of nickel U 29'54 and iU specific gravity, S-S2. 



O'yjr* and ttiektl combine in two proportions, forming the prot- 

 oxide and eeequi-oxide or peroxiilc. 



Protoxide of Kickd (NiO) may bo obtained by adding potash or soda 

 to a solution of any salt of nickel, by which a green hydrate (Nit > . 1 1 ' ' 

 U precipitated ; this, heated to redness, loees water and becomes of a 

 dark olive-green colour. It may also be procured by heating nitraU 

 of nickel to redness. It is insoluble in water, readily dissolved by 

 most acids, and yields green solutions. It is not reducible to the 

 metallic state by beat alone, and is not attracted by the magnet. 

 When fuaed with borax a hyacinth-yellow bead is produced, becoming 

 lighter in colour on cooling. Oxide of nickel is insoluble in potash or 

 soda, but readily dissolves in ammonia ; the solution has a fine azure- 

 blue colour, and is decomposed by potash or soda. It is the base of all 

 the salts of nickel. 



Ptroxidtof Xiektt (Ni,0,) may be obtained by adding a solution of 

 chloride (hypochlorite) of soda to one of nitrate of nickel, or by 

 transmitting chlorine gas through water in which hydrate of nickel is 

 suspended. The peroxide thus obtained is of a black colour, insoluble 

 in dilute acids, potash, or soda. When added to a mixture of ammonia 

 and its caibonate, nitrogen gas is evolved, and the peroxide, becom- 

 ing protoxide, is dissolved. With hydrochloric acid it gives out 

 chlorite gas, and forms chloride of nickel. At a red heat it yields 



. >-. . : I .-. 



CUoride of Xictd (NiCl) is formed by dissolving either the pro- 

 toxide or peroxide of the metal in hydrochloric acid. Its colour is a 

 fine emerald-green ; and by evaporating the solution, green filamentous 

 crvfttals containing water are formed. This salt deliquesces in a moist 

 atmosphere. When deprived of water it has a yellow colour and a 

 micaceous appearance; it is volatile, and when sublimed at a high 

 temperature is obtained in beautiful golden-yellow crystalline scales. 

 Its solution is decomposed by the alkalies and their carbonates, 

 but ammonia added in excess redissolves the precipitate at first 

 formed. 



The fuoride (NiFl), bromide (NiBr), and iodide of nickel (Nil), are of 

 but little importance. The bromide and iodide form hydrated salts 

 containing six equivalents of water. 



Sulphur and Nickel combine in three proportions, forming the sul 

 phide, disulphide, and bisulphide. 



Sulpliidt of Xickel (NiS) is prepared either by heating metallic 

 nickel or the oxide with sulphur; or it may be procured by adding a 

 bydrosulpbate to a solution of nickel. The precipitated sulphide is 

 nearly black, and dissolves in hydrochloric acid with the evolution ol 

 hvdnwulphuric acid gas ; the sulphide procured in the dry way is of a 

 grayish-yellow colour, and requires aqua regia (or nascent chlorine) for 

 solution. Sulphide of nickel is also found native. [NICKEL, in NAT 

 Or?.] 



JKatlphidr of Xicktl (Ni,S) may be prepared by transmitting hydio 

 gen gas over sulphate of nickel at a red heat. Its colour is lighter, ant 

 it is more fusible than the sulphide. 



Hiiil/Jiiil' "f Xirttl (XiSJ. Carbonate of nickel is strongly ignitec 

 with sulphur and carbonate of potash, and the residue wel 

 washed with water. It is soft to the touch, and of dark iron-gray 

 colour. 



Ph'jtphiilt of Xickel (NiP) is formed by the action of phosphorui 

 upon nickel heated to redness; the resulting compound is whitish 

 brittle, and is decomposed when exposed to heat and air. It is mon 

 fusible than the metal, and, and according to Pelletier, is composed o 

 17 phosphorus + 83 nickel ; while Lainpadius states its composition to 

 be 13 phosphorus + 87 nickel. 



Ciani<lt "f Xickrl (Xi(.'y) is prepared by adding a soluble cyanidr t> 

 a solutiun of nickel, or when hydrocyanic acid is mixed with acetate of 

 nickel 



Ptrrocyanirl' nf Xickel u a grayish or greenish compound, which i 

 precipitated when ferrocyanide of potassium is added to the salts of 

 nickel. The /rrriri/amV/e is yellowish green. 



Xitratf of Xifktl (NiO, NO.) may be prepared by dissolving either 

 the metal or its oxide in dilute nitric acid. The solution is of a fine 

 green colour, and by evaporation yields a deliquescent salt, containing 

 six equivalents of water of crystallisation. 



IMpkattuf Xirkit (Nil), 8O., + 7Aq.) is easily procured by dissolving 

 the oxide or hydrate in dilute sulphuric acid ; a green salt is obtained, 

 which leadi'y crystallises in two different primary forms ; first iu 

 rhombic prism*, and then by exposure to light in regular octohedr*, 

 the original crystals becoming opaque but retainint; their p 

 outline. A doMr tiJphnte W(K ".SIP . K 



6Aq) readily crystallises out on evaporating a solution of the mixed 

 rulphsies. 



The carhrmalti of iiirl-rl are mostly basic, containing variaM 

 portions of hydrate- 1 oxide. They are 1 when an alkaline 



carbonate is added to a solution of nitrate, or other salt, of nickel 



Alloyt of Niekd : 



Artnie readily combines with Xickrl, and the compound remains 

 undecomposed at a very high temperature. It does not obey the magnet. 

 Pviiuiiiiiii and Xictel combine by fusion. 

 Anlim'ini/ and Nickel form an alloy of a lead-colour. 



in''/ X'ickel form a white brittle alloy, which enters into the 

 composition of the pactfuny of the Chinese. 



a<l Xietd give rise to a white brittle alloy, which bums at a 

 ugh temperature. 



I'otall and .Vi>M readily fuse together. 



Mercury and Xickel have not been combined. 



Oopp . / Xii-k'l form a white alloy, of late years much 



mployed under the name of GERMAN Sir.vi:n. 



ad IHckd occur associated in meteoric stones. The following 

 table exhibits the centesimal amounts of the two metals in some well 

 authenticated specimens. 



Iron 



Nickel 



1. 



CO-iG 

 21-71 



2. 



S8-04 

 10-7 



83-01 

 12-28 



4. 



89-11 

 - H 



5. 



83-78 

 3-81 



1. From Clairborne in Alabama. 2. The Pallas meteoric iron from 

 Siberia. 3. From Cap; specific gr u Levarto; 



specific gravity, "'798. 5. From Bohumilitr. in Bohemia. 



Tetlt for nickel. The solutions of nickel salts have a rich green 

 colour. They are distinguished by giving no pre- ih sul- 



phuretted hydrogen ; black with sulphide of ammonium ; given with 

 i caustic alkali, not altering on exposure to air; and yntn with 

 niinioiiia, forming in excess a bright blue solution. 



Estimation nf nickel. This is generally performed in the state of 

 protoxide, which contains 78'69 per cent, of metal It is | 

 from solution by potash, and must be many t 1 with hot 



water to thoroughly remove all the alkali. Ace nickel 



is best precipitated as peroxide. The solution is boiled with hypo- 

 chlorite of soda in a beaker, care being taken to prevent the peroxide 

 attaching itself to the sides of the vessel. This precipitate is < 

 washed, and on ignition to whiteness is reduced to protoxide, an 

 in that state be weighed Liebig separates nickel from cc >1 

 ing the solution of their potassio-cyanides with finely levigated per- 

 oxide of mercury ; the nickel salt is then decomposed and ti 



i that metal precipitated, while the cobalticyanido of pot.: 

 reiinins in solution along with cyanide of mercury. 



NICKKL SILVEK. [Ni. /.] 



NlUOLA'ITAXS, a sect of heretics, who arose in the 1st century, 

 and are mentioned with strong disapprobation in liev. ii. 6, 15. They 

 appear, from the statements of the early writers, to haw held the 

 doctrines of the Gnostics, and to have lived impurely. It is generally 

 supposed that "the doctrine of the Xieolaitins " (Kev. ii. 15) is the 

 same as "the doctrine of Balaam" (v. 14), namely, "to eat things 

 sacrificed to idols, and to commit fornication." Indeed .some 

 suppose the name NiKoAaos in this passage to be merely Iran 



from D37V3 and used symbollically, deriving the fornur word from 

 and Aois, and the latter from the synonymous H. '< 



3?s and tj^. (Robinson's ' Greek Lexicon to the New Testai; 



The early writers trace this sect to Nicolas the Deacon (Act- 

 but some of them acquit him of holding the seniin. 

 Nicolaitons, and ascribe the rise of the heresy to an improper advantage 

 taken of some incautious expressions which he had \- 



(MosheimV /''/. Hist. : Winer's / 

 lichte.) 



NH'OTIA. | NiuiTiNr.l 



NH'OTIA'NA TAi:.V('l'M,rm annual plant, of which tlic le.iv 

 used in a variety of forms and ways, and also in medicine. The dried 

 leaves are large, long, entire, smooth, somewhat glutinon 

 brown colour, with a peculiar stupifying odour, and an acn* 

 bitter taste. The processes of maceration and partial ; 

 and admixture of different sul c.ible, in the 



'in in the fresh state. The analysis of tobacco shows its chief 

 ingredients to be : 1st, a tobacco-camphor, called nicotian, 01 



u hich crystallises, and is solid at the ordinary trm 

 the air ; has a faint odour of tobacco, with a warm, hiiteri-h av 

 but not acrid taste, and is not possessed of any narcotic power; if 

 applied to the nostrils, it causes sneezing ; and if a grain IT I ikt n into 

 the stomach, it creates uneasiness and giddiness. It is called by some 

 the acid principle of tobacco, and if siv . it is most 



jirobabl i in the herb with, -nd. nio'tin ;. . n v.hirh, 



like conia, does not exist :it, . rdinary tetn| .: -olid firm, but 



in a fluid and volatile state, having an oily appear/.!. 



Tin 'nipyrciimatic oil of tobacco appears to be formed during the 

 destructive c<nnb'i-tii<n, and docs not exist naturally in the leaf, but in 

 probably formed at the, expense of the nieolin.a. It ! 

 exist in the infusion of tobacco, the mo le of action of which di 

 several respects from the other forms in which it i The 



M of tobacco when burnt, as in smoking, are : carbonate of 

 ammonia, nicotianin, empjmimatia oil. .o.>t and Home ^ 



t:na seems to be the formidable principl 'i n.-cd 



in the solid form, or as an infusion ; and the einpyreumitic oil 



