NITROHEMATIC ACID. 



NOBILITY. 



NITRUHKMATIC ACID <C U H,(NO.),NO,) Pitramie Add. This 

 acid WM discovered by Wohler. lu name is derived from hetita 

 (aipa). blood, in illusion to the colour of ita salt*. It in prepared by 

 piUing okrbuotia or nitropicric acid with protosulphate of iron and 

 iBgr-trg the mixture with hydrate of baryta* and water. The pro- 

 toxide of iron separated, become* peroxide at the expense of the 

 nitropicric acid, and a new acid U formed, which is the nitrohematic 

 acid ; it U separated by a tedious process from the baryta with which 

 it combines as it U formed, and then has the following properties : 



It has the form of small brown crystalline grains, and scarcely any 

 taste; when exposed to a moderate heat, it begins to liquefy ami 

 afterwards detonates without the evolution of ir.-l.t. l.ut with the 

 formation of cyanide of ammonium and the de|xwition of carbon, which 

 burns without leaving any residue. It U but slightly soluble in water, 

 and the solution is yellow ; it dissolves in nitric acid. 



With bases it forms peculiar salts, the solutions of which are of a 

 deep blood red colour ; but when dry, they are of a deep brown with a 

 tint of green and a semimet&llic lustre ; the alkaline and earthy *Mts 

 of this acid have a bitter taste, and when heated they detonate like 

 gunpowder. The nitrohematate of ammonia hag rather a crystalline 

 appearance, and when heated it detonates with the evolution of light, 

 and the f oruiat ion of much cyanide of ammonium. 



NITUOHYDKOCHLUltlC AClli. Mti^niin-iiiti.-Aeid. Aqualtrgia. 

 A powerfully corrosive liquid, formed on mixing one measure of nitric 

 acid with about three of hydrochloric acid. The alchemists called it 

 aqua regia, from its property of dissolving gold, their " king of metals." 

 It also attacks and dissolves platinum, and of course exerts the same 

 action on all those metals that are soluble in nitric acid or hydrochloric 

 acid separately ; perchlorides in all cases being formed. 



The solvent action of nitrohydrochloric acid has been shown by M. 

 Gay-Lussac to be due to free chlorine. At least two other bodies are, 

 however, produced simultaneously with the chlorine ; they are rich in 

 chlorine, but do not act upon metals ; the one is chloromtric gas, the 

 other chloronitrous gas. 



'. (NO, Cl,). This gas constitutes the yellowish-red 

 fumes that are evolved when nitrohydrochloric acid is gently heated. 

 Passed through a tube surrounded by a freezing mixture it condenses 

 to a cloudy lemon-coloured liquid. Its formation is attended with 

 evolution of chlorine, as indicated by the following equation : 



SO. 



-Nitric 

 acid. 



3I1C1 



NO.C1, 



3HO 



Cl 



Hydrochloric Chloro-nitric 

 acid. gas. 



Wuter. Chlorine. 



Chloro-nitric gas is decomposed by water, chlorine and peroxide of 

 nitrogen remaining in solution. It readily acts upon mercury but is 

 not an acid, and does not combine with bases. It may be viewed as 

 peroxide of nitrogen (N0 4 ) in which two equivalents of oxygen are 

 replaced by two of chlorine. 



Cltl'iro-iiitrotu i/ai. (NO/21). This gas comes off in greatest abund- 

 ance towards the Utter part of the operation of boiling nitro-hydro- 

 chloric acid. It may also be obtained directly by allowing binoxide of 

 nitrogen and chlorine to condense together in a vessel surrounded by 

 a freezing mixture. Like chlorouitric gas it is decomposed by water, 

 and though not itself an acid may be viewed as nitrous acid (NO,) in 

 which an equivalent of oxygen is replaced by one of chlorine. 



NITROLEUCIC A- ix.J 



NITHoMUUATlc ACID. [NITIIO-HYDKOCIII.ORIC ACID.] 



NITKOSO-NAPHTHYLIN. [N.M'IITUALIC Unorr.1 



MTItnsii I'HKNVI.IN <:,,H N,O ), an organic compound formed 

 by the reducing action of zinc and hydrochloric acid upon binitro- 

 benzole. It cannot be crystallised, but its alcoholic solution dries 

 down to a brilliant black pellicle, which is nearly i . water, 



but readily soluble in acids and alcohol. Ita solution possesses a 

 magnificent crimson colour. 



MTKol'ICKIC ACID. [CARIUZOTIC AciD.l 



NITl>I'l:r>SIDKS. |c\ vNMiKX.] 



NITItu.ijrr.KciTK. I.MASMTK.] 



NlTUosm.I'HUKIC ACID. [NlTROOEK.1 



NITIIOTIIKINK. [CArpKlxr..] 



NITHors ACID. [NmiouEx] 



MTK'irs KTHKK. [KniVL.] 



NlTH'ifs <;AS. [Xirii.. 



NITHors o.XIDK (iAS. [NiiHooKS.] 



MX.AM. the title of the tovereign of Hyderabad, derived from 

 Kizam-ul-Mulk, who, after the death of Aurungzebe, obtained pos- 

 session of the Mohammedan conquests in the Deccan, hi* name being 

 MinuJ as a title by his successors hi the sovereignty. After reigning 

 81 years, Nizam-ul Mulk died at a very advanced age, in 1743. He 

 was succeeded by his second son Nassir Jung, who was assassinated in 

 1760. His grandson Muzufler Jung was then placed on tin- thr.ui-, 

 and also assassinated in the year following. The third son of Nizam- 

 ul Mulk, Salabat Jung, then reigned until 1768, when he was put to 

 death by his brother Nizam Ali, who thereupon took the i 

 government, and held them till his death hi 1808. His sucoesaor, 

 Sekundar Jail, died in 1828, and was succeeded by Nazir-nd-Doulat, 

 who died May 16. 1857. The present nizam is named Afzal-ul- 

 Doulat Under this prince the misgovernment attained so great a 



height, and the debt to the British government became so large, that 

 a territorial cession was effected ; the revenue of the sequestrated 

 districts to be applied to the reduction of the debt and the main- 

 tenance of the military contingent 



The nizam is one of the imtire sovereigns witli whom the Kant India 

 Company made subsidiary treaties, and to which the British govern- 

 ment by the cession of the Company's political power succeeded. The 

 chief provisions contained in these treaties are 1st, protect!.. n by tho 

 British government against all enemies, foreign or domestic /'.'nd, 

 mutual co-operation in the event of hostilities with other p 

 3rd, the maintaining of a British force for the protection 

 state ; 4th, the reception of a British resident, by whose coun.-cl the 

 native government is bound to abide as regards all )< 

 internal and external ; and 5th, the abandonment on the part 

 native prince of all political intercourse- with other powers, . 

 through the medium of the British government. I 

 the native princes ore little more than viceroys, who adn 

 government according to the views of their superior ; and in fact the 

 British residents appointed under subsidiary treaties are not so lan.-h 

 ambassadors as they are ministers. Connected closely with tl 

 sidency of Bombay, Hyderabad was not engaged in the mutiny of the 

 native Indian troops in 18S7-S, and consequently its political ) 

 remained unchanged. 



NOBILITY. The slightest attention to the nature and the 

 experience of man must convince every one that society has a tendency 

 to inequality in the condition of the persons composing it. Ta! 

 a dozen youths, and place them in a society apart from all oth. 

 sous of their kind; place them under no other condition than that 

 each person shall enjoy what is his own in his own way ; let the \vhole 

 be at first as nearly on an equality as possible in respect of advantages 

 which are not those of mere nature ; and it is certain that at tl 

 of fifty years they and their families will bo in a state of great ine- 

 quality, that some one among them will have attracted to himself 

 more of the things which make life easy than any of the rest, and that 

 there will be not only a difference but a very great difference bi : 

 the most and the least successful of the party. 



This arises from the inequality of the physical, the moral, and intel- 

 lectual power of each, that is, of some one of those things which we 

 say are the gifts of nature, eoiiihined with the introduction of prr. 

 and habits at a very early ]>eriod of life, the things in short whi.-li 

 make the man himself, independently of the adventitious advantages 

 which are derived from the possession of things external to himself. 



Thus bodily strength, adroitness, quickness of eye, capa. 

 ing fatigue, steady industry, frugality, temperance, caution, foi . 

 aptness to seize opportunities, knowledge of the disposition- and cha- 

 racters of other men, will in any situation of life prove ad vain 

 to those who possess them ; and those who want them and are \\ 

 an equivalent in some other valuable quality, can never expect to be in 

 a situation equally favourable, when time has been allowed for the 

 exercise of those faculties and for the production of their natural 

 fruita 



U hen once a little advantage U gained, and another generation arises 

 starting in life with the possession of the advantages whi.'li ih. 

 or the good fortune of the father secured fer it, if the same good 

 physical, moral, or intellectual faculties are inherited, OH 

 case, it is manifest that the elevation will become higher and 

 distinction greater. This will go on in an accelerating ratio, for the 

 adventitious advantages operate as in a series of compound interest. 

 On the other hand there may be a declension in another, till the 

 possible point of destitution has been reached. It seems that if once 

 the principle of property is admitted, and every man is guarant. 

 the possession of that which belongs to him, what we have described 

 must necessarily take place. Society may by ita institution-. .! 

 thing to restrain this tendency, or something which shall in its effects 

 promote it; but society can < iude it, except by measures 



which shall annihilate pmjinii/. Whether such measures c 

 1 >le, it is not our present business to discuss. 



It is tiros, we conceive, that the distinction of m&ilct and rulyaret, 

 which we lind in the earliest records of human society, must have 

 i ted. 



al consideration and political power will in some degree always 

 follow wealth ; and thus it has been that a larger share of influence in 

 the direction of tho affairs of a community has always fallen to the lot 

 of those in whose hands, by their own exertions their 



is, a larger share of adventitious advantages had been accumu- 

 late.) than in the hands of others less able or let. 



Nobility, in tho earlier stages of civilisation, consisted, it is pro 

 in nothing more than th.- union of political power with wealth ; but 

 this would soon pass into that other state in which we in Kmoj>e now 

 we it, where the particular politii-al advantages were guarai 

 family of him who once possessed himself of them, by which > 

 there was created a new and very important .li-iinetion in 

 it became necessary that society should <1< lim- v.ho the, per-.u 

 that were admitted by it to sn. privileges. It was not now 



the mere possession of wealth and of that political po. r which will 



mure orl.^s attend wealth which made an 



must be some recognition of his admission into what constituted an 

 order endowed with such privileges. Being once secured as an 



