21 



OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE. 



CENANTHIC ACID. 



22 



ceased to exist. By that statute (s. 12) a man was enabled to devise 

 an est by a will in writing, executed as therein men- 



tioned, and attested by three witnesses ; and if no such devise thereof 

 was made, the estate was chargeable in the hands of the heir, if it 

 should come to him by reason of a special occupancy, as assets by 

 descent, as in case of lands in fee-simple ; and in case there should be 

 no special occupant thereof, it was declared that it should go to the 

 executors or administrators of the party that had the estate thereof by 

 virtue of the grant, and should be assets in their hands that is, should 

 be liable to the payment of the testator's or intestate's debts. By the 

 14 Geo. II. c. 20, e. 9, which recites " that doubts had arisen, where 

 no devise had been made of such estates, to whom the surplus of such 

 estates, after the debts of such deceased owners thereof were fully 

 satisfied, should belong : " it was enacted, " That such estates, pur 

 rie, in case there was no special occupant thereof, of which no 

 devise should have been made according to the said Act (29 Car. II. 

 c. 3), or so much thereof as should not have been devised, should go, 

 be applied, and distributed, in the same manner as the personal estate 

 of the testator or intestate." These two statutes provided for the case 

 both of a devise being made of an estate pur outer vie, and also for the 

 case of the land coming to the heir as special occupant where no devise 

 was made. But an estate pnr auter rie may be limited either to a man 

 and his heirs, or to a man, his executors and administrators, or to a 

 man simply without mentioning either heirs, executors, or adminis- 

 trators. The Statute of Frauds appears to contemplate the heir only 

 as special occupant, and if there was no devise according to the statute, 

 and no special occupant, which would happen when the estate was 

 limited simply to the grantee, the estate went to the executor or 

 administrator for the payment of debts, and after payment of debts 

 the surplus was distributed, under the act of George II., in the same 

 manner as the testator had directed the distribution of his personal 

 estate, or it went, in case of an intestacy, to the next of kin of the 

 intestate. But when no devise was made according to the statute, and 

 tate was limited to the grantee, his executors and administrators, 

 inasmuch as the heir could not in that case be special occupant, the 

 n arose, if the executor or administrator could be such occupant, 

 and if he could, the further question arise, who was to have the estate 

 after payment of debts ? The proper construction of the two statutes 

 seemed to be that the heir only could bo special occupant, and that he 

 alone could take as such. If, then, the land were not devised according 

 to the Statute of Frauds, and there was no special occupant, by reason 

 nl the limitation being simply to the grantee, or to him, his executors, 

 mid administrators, the executor or administrator would take it under 

 the Statute of Frauds, and distribute it, after payment of debts, under 

 the statute of George II. The executor or administrator took the 

 estate as a freehold, which it is, but in trust for the persons entitled 

 under a will, which was sufficient to pass personal estate, or, in cases 

 of intestacy, in trust for the next of kin. (See the opinions of Lord 

 :.df, in Cai.ipl.ell r. Sandys, 1 Sch. and Lef., 288; and the 

 opinions of Lord Eldon, in Ripley r. Waterworth, " Ve., 425.) 



If a man dies intestate who is seised of an estate for another's life, 



and the limitation is such that the estate cannot go to his heir as 



! occupant, the estate seems open to a general occupancy until an 



administrator is ap[ointod : but such administrator seems to have a 



title l>y relation. 



!HT the Statute of Frauds nor that of George II. applied to copy, 

 holds, av.d tin reforc not to estates fur nuttr rii in copyhold lands. 



Estates pur auter rie, whether there shall or shall not be any special 

 occupant thereof, and whether the same shall be freehold, customary 

 !il, tenant right, customary or copyhold, or of any other tenure, 

 and whether the same shall be a corporeal or incorporeal hereditament, 

 are now devisable by a will.in writing executed. in the manner prescribed 

 by the statute of 1 Vic. c. 26, which repeals, among other clauses, that 

 part of the Statute of Frauds which relates to estates pur a uler rie, anil 

 also the 9th section of 14 Geo. II. c. 20. And if no disposition 1,\- 

 mail" of any estate pur outer rie of a freehold nature, the same 

 shall bo chargeable in the hands of the heir, if it shall come to him by 

 reason of special occupancy, as assets by descent, as in the case of free- 

 hold land in fee simple ; and in case there shall be no special occupant 

 of any estate pur outer rie, it shall go to the executor or administrator; 

 and if the same shall come to the executor or administrator either by 

 reason of a special occupancy or by virtue of that Act, it shall be 

 assets in his hands, and shall go and be applied anil distributed in the 

 same manner as the personal estate of the testator or intestate. This 

 statute settles a number of questions, some of which have been already 

 referred to, which were of frequent occurrence, with respect to estates 

 pur au> 



i in the subject of occupancy, the reader may consult Pufl'endurf, 

 ' Law of Nature and Nations,' iv., c. 0. 



o< ( D'ATIONS OF THE PEOPLE. [C'KNSUS.1 

 i:A\. [SKA.] 



I UE. Certain impure oxides of iron, of a yellow, red, or bn >wn 

 . ,in> employed as pigments, under the name of ochres. They 

 iy contain clay. [COLOURING MAI : 



niTACON*. [PoLY AH.] 



OCTAHKIiUtiN. ,. A R.] 



\NS (the instrument commonly called a quadrant, which, when 

 on Hadley'n conutruction, is of the form of an iyhth part of 



a circle), a constellation of Lacaille, situated at the south pole, which it 

 includes. There are no stars of conspicuous brightness in this constel- 

 lation. 



OCTAVE (Octavus, Lat.), in Music, the eighth note of the scale 

 the most perfect of concords, whose ratio is 2:1, therefore the 

 simplest of all the sounds, except the unison. The harmonica of 

 the octave and unison agree invariably, a coincidence which occurs 

 in no other interval, and these sounds have so close a resem- 

 blance, that in combination they are hardly distinguishable the one 

 from the other. The following are the properties, says Rousseau, 

 which so singularly distinguish the octave from all other intervals : 

 The Octave embraces all the primitive sounds, that is to say, all the 

 original tones and semitones. Hence, after having established a system 

 or series of notes within the limits of an octave, if it be wished to 

 extend this series it will be absolutely necessary to follow the same 

 order in a second octave, in a third, or a fourth, &c., and no sound will 

 be found in any of these but what is, as it were, a recurrence of some 

 one in the first series. It is in virtue of this property in the Octave 

 that the term Diapason was applied to it by the Greeks. [DIAPASON.] 



The Octave has also another remarkable property, the same writer 

 observes, namely, that it may be doubled, tripled, and multiplied at 

 pleasure, without changing its nature. This multiplication, however, 

 is limited as relates to its effect on the ear, and an interval of eight 

 octaves, for instance, would be scarcely, if at all, appreciable as such by 

 the auditory organ. A double Octave is less agreeable than a single 

 one ; a triple Octave loses still more of its pleasing quality ; till, by 

 increasing the distance, the relationship of the sounds becomes nearly 

 undistinguishable. 



OCTAVE FLUTE. [FLUTE.] 



OCTOBER, in the year of Romulus, was strictly what its name 

 implies, the eighth month. With us it is the tenth. Suetonius tells 

 us that Domitian, who was born in this month, gave it his own name 

 (Sueton., 'Domit.,' c. 13) ; but it lasted during his life only (Plutarch, 

 ' Num.,' p. 72 ; Macrobii, ' Satumal.,' i. 12). Antoninus Pius, in honour 

 of his wife Faustina, called it " Faustinas " (Julius Capitoliuus, c. 10) ; 

 and the flatterers of Commodus assigned to it one of their patron's 

 epithets, " Invictus." (-Elms Lamprid., ed. Lugd. Bat., 1U71, p". 507.) 

 Our Anglo-Saxon ancestors gave it the name of Wvittr-fyUtfa, the 

 winter full-moon, or winter-beginning, as they reckoned by winters not 

 by years. They also called it teollia moaatli, the tenth mouth. (Boa- 

 worth, ' Sax. Diet.') 



OCTYL. [CAI-KYLIC ALCOHOL; Capn/l] 



OCTYLAM1NE. Synonymous with caprylainine. [CArjiTLic AL- 

 COUOL.1 



OCTYL-CUMINAMIDE 



cMW 



C..H,, y 



An amide formed by 



the action of chloride of cumyl upon octylamine. [AMIDES.] 



OCTYLENE. [CAPRYLIC ALCOUOL.] 



OCTYLIC ALCOHOL. [CAPRYLIC ALCOHOL.] 



OCTYL-PHOSPHORIC ACID. When octylic alcohol is placed in 

 contact with vitreous phosphoric acid, it forms an acid similar to 

 ethyl-phosphoric acid, and to which the name octyl-phosphoric acid haa 

 been given. 



OCTYL-SULPHURIC ACID ; Sutphwlulic add. Synonymous with 

 Biilpho-caprylic acid. [('AIMIYLIC ALCOHOL.] 



OCfl.AK IMAIiK. [Kvi:, in NAT. HIST. Div.] 



OCULAR SPECTRA. [ACCIDENTAL COLOURS.] 



ODE is derived from a Greek word, which signifies a song (uSi], 

 AoiWi), and appears to have been originally applied to any kind of poetry 

 which was written to be sung or accompanied with music. The ode 

 may be regarded as the foundation of lyric poetry, and differs from 

 epic poetry in delineating the poet's own thoughts and feelings, while 

 the Litter species of poetry details external circumstances and events. 

 The most celebrated Greek and Roman odes are those of Pindar, Horace, 

 and Anacreon. In English the best odes have perhaps been written by 

 Dryden and Gray. For a further account of this species of poetry the 

 reader is referred to LYHIC POETRY. 



ODIN. [SCANDINAVIAN MYTHOLOGY.] 



ODO'METER (from MiJs, a road, and nerpov, a measure) is an instru- 

 ment used for measuring the distances passed over in travelling, and in 

 very nearly the same as that which is called a pedometer : the latter is 

 carried in the pocket of a person on foot or on horseback, and the 

 former is attached to a carriage. Grayson's odometer is a box containing 

 a train of wheel- work, and is attached to one side of a carriage above the 

 axle. There are two dials, one for the driver and the passengers, the 

 other for the proprietor : the object of the apparatus being to record 

 the distance run, as a check upon the honesty of the driver of any 

 hired vehicle. The apparatus belongs to one of the classes or groups 

 described under NUMBEHINO MACHINES. 



ODORINE. [PICOLINE.] 



(ECUMENICAL COUNCILS. [COUNCIL, OF THE C*UBCH.] 



(ENANTHIC ACID (HO,C 14 H,,0,). This acid, in combination 

 with oxide of ethyl forming tenanthic ether (C 4 H,O,C 14 H U O,), is found 

 in grape wine, and gives to that liquid its characteristic odour. The 

 ether is obtained on distilling wine itself, or wine lees with water ; it is 

 then decomposed with caustic potash, and the ccnanthate of potash 

 distilled with sulphuric acid, when uaiauthic acid passes over, and 



