11 



\NTHOL. 



OILS. MANUFACTURE OF. 



i at M* Fahr. Into a semi-solid eolnurless fat , r>! 

 T. At a higher temperature it taelu, in inodorous and tasteless, 



litmus paper, and easily dissolves in the caustic alkalies, 

 alkaline carbonates, ether, or alcohol Heat spliU omanthie acid up 

 bio water and anhydrous add ; but in other res pecta it greatly re- 

 rubles pehrgunie add. K. Fischer has just (18 announced his 

 belie/ that the so-called omanUitr add is merely mixture of capric 



mmAflif aUstyrf.or kydridt o/ mtmlkyl (C',,11,. 



This substance forms about ten per cent ..! the 



prvluets of the iWluetlvi distinction of castor oft. It may be purified 



by agitatioii with baryta water and re-distillation, and finally obtained 



dry by itUsstlrm over chloride of calcium. 



lEnanthul is a colourless liquid, of p. gr. o -8271 at 63 Fahr. IU 

 boiling point U 312* Kahr., and vapour density 4*17. It has a i 

 ting odour, and at first sweet, but afterwards acrid tart*. It is soluble 

 in alcohol or ether, but very slightly so in water. It forms a crystal- 

 fin* compound with bisulphite of soda, ami is converted into tenant hylic 

 acid by nitric add, chromic add, or even by exposure to air. 



ilrt-rnamihal u a crystalline body, isomeric with csnanthol. It is 

 pnluced when cenanthol at 33* Kahr. is mixed with nitric acid at the 

 same temperature, and the whole set aside for twenty-four hours. 



Hf,ln.l, of tntUonnmMll. ,O.) is a heavy oily fluid, re- 



sulting from the action of chlorine upon ocnanthol. 



iKNANTIIYLAMIDE. [<K*AXTIIYI.IC ACID.] 



\NTIIYI.ir ACID UltM 1 ,,!!.."^- T}'" 1 ^ a'frequcnt 

 product of the oxidation of fatty matters by nitric acid. It U most 

 conveniently prepared by heating castor oil with twice its bulk of nitric 

 acid ; red fumes are evolved in great abundance at first, but afterwards 

 more moderately, until, at the end of a few hours, the action is com- 

 plete, and the acid then rises to the surface as an oily layer. It may be 

 rectified with water, and finally dried over anhydrous phosphoric 

 i 



(Knanthytic add is a colourless, transparent oil, of agreeable aromatic 

 odour and acrid taste. It is only slightly soluble in water, but readily 

 so in alcohol, ether, or nitric acid. It boils at 298* Fahr., and may be 

 distil ii-d. but suffers partial decomposition during the operation. It 

 does not become solid at 0*. Ignited, it burns with a clear Don-smoky 

 ' 



The enuuttltylata are easily formed by dissolving carbonates in cenan 

 thylic acid. The pofcuA toll does not crystallise, but furnishes onhy 

 drum crHOM/AyfiV uriJ ^C..H,,0,,, C U H,,O,,) on distilling with oxy- 

 chloride of phosphorus. (i'nanlhylaU of copper crystallises in beautiful 

 green needles, soluble in alcohol, and slightly so in water. {/.WnMt/fate 

 of baryta (BaO.C.. H,,O,) occurs in lamellar crystals. (Enantitylate of 

 rty, or viuuUiytie dhtr, contains (C.H.O,C 1 .H 1J O,V 



<*lAylamule CSll t (C lt H lt O t )) u produced by the reaction of 

 rr-naiithylic acid and ammonia. It crystalline* from alcohol in little 



: ' 



VNTHYI.O-BENZOIC ANHYDRIDE (c"S"o' I ')' [A!i 



HYDRIDES.] 



> ANTHYLO-CUMINIC ANHYDRIDE. [AJCOTDBIDES, Cumino- 



OTH YL. Synonymous with acetyl. In addition to the compounds 

 of this negative radical alluded to under ACETYL, it may be hero men- 

 tioned that brumal is regarded as a compound of othyl ; its composi 

 tion is analogous to that of chloral, the chlorine of the latter being 

 replaced by bromine. The following is a list of other compounds ol 



llrdildi- of oihrl or sldphrdo .... c n J 



Aldehjdida of ammonium . C 4 n >, \ 



NH. J 



aldehvd* 



OTHYL. MYliHIliK <>K. [OTHYL] 



('KKKItlXdS. OBLATIONS. and oBVENTIONS, ore not only 

 *fcos 11 customary siinm |id at Easter, but also the .- 

 UMMuiU for marriages, cliruUniinga, cliurchings, and burials. Bi 

 51 t S Kd. VI. c. 13, "all pmnas wlii>-li by tin; laws ami customs ought 

 to make or pay their offering., shall yearly well ami truly content am 

 pay UM aarne to the parson, vicar, proprietor, i>r their deputies 01 

 farmers, of the parishes where they shall dwell or abide ; and tlrnt a 

 such four offering-days as at any time heretofore wiiliin tin- space o 

 four years last past hath been used and accustomed for li. 

 the n ; and, in default thereof, to pay for the said offerings a 

 " 



r then next following." The four offering days above spoken o 

 wen Christmas, Karter, WlilUnntide, and the feast of the dedir.it ioi 

 of the parish church. It is din-cti-d by the rubric, at tl. 



i Ssrviee, that " yearly at Easter, every parishioner ahal 

 reckon with UM parson, vicar, or curate, or his or their .1. pnty n 

 deputies, and pay to thm or him all eocleaiartiaal duties aocustom'.l.l. 

 .n at that time to be paid." Raster offerings are due of conum. 

 rigM,aawell as nyeustom. (Bunb. 178, ll8.) Thus, in Cbrth.-w i 

 rilward., Trin. 174U. in the Exchequer, it was held tliat > 

 offcrnvr. wen due of common right, after the rate of 'id. a head fo 



very person in the family of sixteen years of age and it] wr\nl. But 

 in the sum may be more. In London t<I. Dually 



Surplice-fees are payable for every marriage, whether by Kimis or 

 oeuce ; ami for every funeral, churching, or christening, according to 

 lie custom of the parish. Mortuaries are claimed on the death of each 

 tenon in a pariah, according to value of property left, but not to a 

 ;reatcr amount than 10*. 



(Iturn, EecUntatical Law, Blackst., Comm., Mr. Kerr's ed. vol. iii., 



OFFICE FOUND. By the common law of England, where the 

 crown is entitled, upon the occurrence of certain events, to bike 

 KMaession of real or personal property previously Ui'lon^itig to a sub- 

 ect, the facts upon which the right accrues must be first ascertained 

 iy an inquiition or inquest of office. This inquiry is executed by some 

 itKcer of the crown, such as the oscheator, coroner, or sheritf, or by 

 K-rs'iiiH n|K>cially oommitMionetl for the purpose, ;tml tin- f;i,-t.- :in 

 oincd by a jury of an indeterminate number, but consisting iiuallr, 

 hough not necessarily, of twelve men. Such inquests were HUH i. 

 m[iii>iit before the abolition of military, tenures, when inquisitions 

 XM< Mortem were instituted upon the death of any of the tenants of 

 he crown, to inquire of what lands he died possessed, and of other 

 natters tending to establish the right of the lord respecting the pro- 

 icrty of the deceased. [Jim.] When an inquisition of this kind has 

 >een executed and returned, it is said to be an office found. Thus 

 here treasure has been discovered under circumstances which do not 

 jive it to the owner of the loud, an inquest is held, and the crown, 

 upon office found, takes it ; and where a person of illegitimate birth 

 dies intestate, the sovereign (if he is the immediate lord of the fee), 

 upon office found, is entitled to all his land : in the latter case h 

 ;he land is generally granted again to some person or persons who can 

 make out the most reasonable claim to it. So also the verdict of a 

 jury upon a coroner's inquest, declaring a person to have died ut f< >> 

 It te, is an office found, upon which the crown becomes entitled to tike 

 XBseesion of the property of the deceased. 



OFFICE, HOLY (Sanctum OJicium). [INQUISITION.] 



OFFSETS are lines drawn perpendicular to the chord of an arc, or 

 Jie longest base of an irregular polygon, from points in the arc, or 

 corners of the polygon. By means of these offsets the area contained 

 between the chord and arc can be found with sufficient nearness. \\V 

 mention this well-known term of surveying to direct attention to the 

 article QUADRATURES, METHOD UP, which contains the set of successive 

 approximations of which the surveyor's process is the first and rudest 

 stop. 



OIL COLOURS. [PAINTING, HOUSE.] 



OIL OF TURPENT1NK. [TVIU-ENTINE.] 



OIL OF VITRIOL. [SuLrmu; Sulphuric Add.] 



OIL PAINTING. [PAINTING.] 



OILS, MANUFACTURE OF. The manufacture of animal oils, 

 such as that of the whale, is simple. The Uiiltber, or fat from which 

 the oil is procured, is usually cut into small pieces and packed in casks 

 soon after it is taken from the whale ; it is then brought home in a 

 half-putrid state, and is emptied into a large wooden vessel or ivr 

 capable of holding several tons. From this receiver the decomp 

 fat is conducted, after settling for a few hours, into a copper 

 in which the separation of the fluid from the solid portions of the 

 blubber is completed by the application of heat. From the Imiler the 

 oil flows through a kind of filter of brushwood, which detains the 

 grosser impurities, into coolers, from which, when quite cold, it may 

 be drawn off into casks. Various chemical processes are employed lor 

 purifying whale oil and diminishing its unpleasant smell. The qua 

 of oil obtained is about four-fifths that of the blubber used. In the 

 South-Sea fishery it is found advisable to boil the blubber on I.. ..ml 

 the whaling vessels, and to bring home the oil in the liquid state in 

 casks. In this process, as commonly performed, the oil is very imper- 

 fectly extracted from the blubber, and the scnyw, or solid portions 

 which remain, are used as fuel under the try-pots, or boilers ; by whirh 

 arrangement the oil that remains in them is not only destroy il. 

 but the substance becomes, from its great inflammability, 

 serious danger. To obviate these evils some ships are provided with 

 powerful screw-presses for squeezing out whatever oil may remain 

 after the process of boiling the blubber, ami thus materially in- 



: tin; produce. Hebert, in the 'Engineer's and Men. 

 Encyclopicdia,' gives on engraving and description of such a piv 

 which the blubber scraps, while yet warm, are put into a hollow 

 cylinder, and compressed by a piston brought down upon them w it h a 

 great force. The oil escapes tlmm-h holes in the bottom of the 

 cylinder, between which and the blabber is laid a mattress of wieker- 

 work, to prevent the blubber Horn choking up the holes. This press 

 is the invention of Mr. John lilythu, of Limehouse. 



ulive oil differs from most vegetable expressed oils in being extracted 

 fr.'iu the soft fleshy |>ericarp ; whereas such oils are usually pr<> 

 from the seeds only. The nianuticture is simple, and ih u 

 ducted with very rude machinery. In the neighbourhood of Ai\, in 

 1'rovence, the first and finest oil is obtained by crushing the oh 

 a kind of mill, in which the crushing-stones are so mounted as not ;,, 

 hreak the stones of the fruit, but simply to crush the pulp. The mass 

 thus bruised is put into ealxu, or bags made of bulrush-matting, or of 



