OILS, MAM-KACTUKK OK. 



OILS, MANUFACTURE OF. 



It 



farmer in th- U.I upon which the nmnin<r-st<ii roll ; but the utm<t 

 tmn U nttmmrj to prevent the hot from becoming^too considerable, 



tig. 1. Cionnd I -in wed falling into lag*. 



frtlruulio Press. 



* It causes the oil to dissolve too inurl. .. nLible substance 



of the seed, and exposes it tu tho risk of noon growing very rancid. 

 When the wed U rery dry the process of grinding may be facilitated 

 by (the addition of a little water. Tin- -ll |.|..duecd by tin- above 

 prncea need* little further attention. If left in n cistern, tu it is by 

 the Iditch iiunufjwturvn. the parenchTmatous port, which inevitably 

 fmt* awajr with the oil in mime degree in tin- <>|>eration of pronging, 

 will gradually subside, and the oil may be drawn off at various levels, 

 of different degree* of purity ; the bottom being at length removed to 

 a deep and narrow cintcrn, where it ahould be left a considerable tiuiu 

 or this drag* to subside. 



The annexed cute represent three stages in the process of obtaining 

 linsrrrl oil by the hydraulic prow ; namely, the cnuhing of the eeedi 

 l*teu edge-roller*; the falling of the seeds into bags after grinding ; 

 and the piling of the bag* in the hydraulic- proa*. 



Mr. Samudson, in a paper read before the Society of Mechanical 

 n, in 1858, entered fully into the respective merit* of the 

 ; mode* of expressing Unseed oil. The latest and best arrange- 



ment he stated to be that of lllundell's double hydrostatic press, with 

 two presm anil two pump*, all . onneeted by hydraulic tubing. The 

 larger piitn; I to 740 Ibs. per square inch pressure : tin- 



mallrr t<> .''.' I" 11'. Each press works four bogs of seed at on 

 pressure of 40 tons is brought to bear on the seed in the first in 

 and this is succeeded by one of 300 tons. Each press produces : 

 of oil cake per day of 11 hours, and 14 cwt of oil. It is a curious 

 feature in this new form of hydraulic prow, that it is worked with 

 limpid oil instead of with water. Mr. Samuelsou stated that there are 

 now more than one million quartern of Unseed pressed for oil annually 

 in England ; that two-thirds of the whole trade is centred at Hull ; 

 and that the produce comes out as about 144,000 tons of oil-cake and 

 56,000 tons of Unseed oil. 



Linseed oil is used principally as a vehicle for mixing oil-colours for 

 painting, but it is also valuable in several branches of manufacturing 

 industry, and, in a refined or purified state in some medicinal pi 

 tions. Being a fat or unctuous oil, it is slow in drying, and as this is a 

 great inconvenience for some purposes in painting, it is sometimes 

 converted into drying oil by boiling it with sugar of lead, white 

 vitriol, red lead, or other substances which possess similar pro] 

 Th. i "Mini. .n kinds of drying oil are generally known by the name of 



MM 



The trade in lanl nil in America is so remarkable, in its origin and 

 its nature, as to deserve a few lines of notice. When the I 

 missioncrs were at the New York Exhibition in 1853, t! 

 information, among other things, concerning what in America i 

 In*! iailiutry. About the year 1830, farmers in the central states, 

 rapecially Ohio, unprovided with cheap means of sending their produce 

 to market (for there were no railways in those days), hit upon tho 

 plan of converting their com into living meat, which could " walk 

 itself off to market," in other words, fattening hogs. The tr.-ulc grew 

 year by year ; until at length the city of Cincinnati soon became the 

 centre of vast operations. The farmers in the country districts rear 

 hogs, from 100 to 1000 on each farm. Drovers or jobbers come and 

 purchase them, and drive them to Cincinnati, where they sell them to 

 capitalists. These capitalists engage the services of killers, salters, 

 curers, and packers, who keep large establishments in and near the 

 city. The hogs, when still in the farmers' hands, are allowed to roam 

 about in the woods, and feed themselves on acorns and beech-nm-st ; 

 but when the time for sale U approaching, they are called in, and 

 fattened with an abundance of corn. Their average age at the time of 

 sale is about 15 mouths, and average weight 200 Ibs. When they 

 arrive at the killing establishments, they are driven up an inclined 

 plane to the upper floor or story, where they arc penned for a short 

 time. They next descend to the killing-room, where a poleoxe and a 

 knife speedily end their existence. The dead bodies are at once thrown 

 into a huge scalding tank, where the heat of hot water brings the 

 outer skin to a state fit for subsequent operations. They are quickly 

 passed to another room, where all refuse, from within and without the 

 animal, is removed. All this is the work of the killers, who find a 

 useful market for everything skin, bristles, fat, : 

 hoofs, &c. : nothing is wasted. In 1852 there were ten vast slau 

 ing establishments in Cincinnati, at which no less than 400,000 

 weighing 80,000,000 Ibg., were slaughtered in twelve months. 1'nm 

 the slaughterers, the carcases go to the ciirers and pa. I.i r>. II 

 hogs are cut up into joints with nurprising rapidity. Two men, the 

 commissioners Ray, will cut up 850 hogs in a day of 13 hours, with 

 two other men to carry and lift tho carcases, and a fifth to trim the 

 1700 hams. The hams and shoulders ore salted and cured ; the middle 

 pieces are salted, to make pickled pork, and packed in ban 

 the navy and for foreign trade. The heads, the trimmings, various 

 other 1 parts, and sonu time-i iin a dull state of the , . rket), 



nearly the whole carcase, are rendered, or digested in steam t inks to 

 get out the fat in the form of lard. In one establishment alone, 

 3,000,000 Ibs. of|hog's lard were thus obtained in 1852. The lanl is to 

 n.e extent used as a substitute for butter, in cooking ami culinary 

 operations; but it is much more extensively applied to the prod 

 of lanl-oiltod itearine. When pressed in a hair-cloth bag, tin 

 yield.-" from 40 to 70 jxjr cent, of oil ; the rest is a white solid stc.irine. 

 The stearine is used for candles. The lard-oil, after being reiiti- 

 t. in]., r.itnrc of 200 Fahr., is used for soap-making, and for cheapening 

 liiu-r nils. In 1852, there were more than thirty lard nil factories in 

 Cincinnati alone. This city is, as we have said, the greatest centre of 

 tho trade; but it is not the only one. In eight m , lie middle states of 

 the Union, there were, in the season 1852-3, more than i!, (100,000 hogs 

 cut up for meat, oil, stearine, Ac. the killing and salting 

 generally effected during the winter months. 



The oil trade of this country is now a very considerable one. In 

 ho exports included (in round numbers) 20,000 tuns of train oil, 

 blubber, and spermaceti; 20,000 tuns of olive oil; 11,000 tu 

 various kinds of seed oil; 185,000 cwts. of cocoa-nut oil; and the 

 enormous quantity of 686,000 cwts. of palm oil. Few circumft 

 in connection with the recent history of our manufactures, are 

 important or interesting than the rapid increase in the palm-oil trade. 

 The collecting and shipping of this product are the work of free 

 persons in Africa; English gold finds its way thither in cx< ' 

 it U possible (though the evidences of tho fact are as yet MI 

 that tho slave trade may be lessened by this gradual familiarising of 



