OUDEAL. 



ORDINARY. 



by perchloride of iron ; is converted first into a resin, and finally into ' 

 oxalic acid by nitric acid; and gives an intense purple-red culour, 

 quickly changing to yellow, with chloride of lime. 



Brum-arcin .C^H^BrjO.) was discovered by (Henhouse. It U formed 

 on adding bromine to a concentrated aqueous solution of orcin, and 

 may be obtained in silky needle* by crystallisation from dilute 

 alcohol It U rery fusible, insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol 

 or ether. 



(.'A/r-om'i is produced in the sanie way, and much resembles 

 brom-orcin Its exact composition has not yet been ascertained. 



In the presence of ammonia orcin rapidly absorbs oxygen, and in 

 converted into urniit : 



C,,I!.0. -f XII, + O. = r l( B,NO t + 4HO 

 Orein. Ammonia. Oiygcn. Orceln. Water. 



Orcin may be precipitated from its dilute atnmonlacal solution by 

 the addition of acetic acid ; it then falls in red flocks, almost insoluble 

 in water, readily so in alcohol and sparingly so in ether. It is very 

 soluble in alkalies, forming rich purple solutions. Its solutions are 

 decolorised by nascent hydrogen and again become coloured by 

 exposure to air, but if ammonia U added before exposure, an 

 abundant white precipitate of Uaeurcrin is thrown down. Leuoorcein 

 becomes purple in contact with air. 



Cklor-urttin is a yellowish-brown substance, formed on passing 

 chlorine through water containing orcein. It is insoluble in water, 

 but soluble in alcohol or ether. 



ORDEAL, from the Anglo-Saxon ordirl. Spelraan derives this 

 word from or, * magnum," and dirl, " judicium," which is also the 

 dei i v. Hi. >ii given by Ducange. Lye and Bosworth derive it from or, 

 privative, "without," and d d, " difference,'' an indifferent or impartial 

 judgment, a judgment without distinction of persons. The German 

 word nrtkril, a judgment, is apparently the same word, and is also a 

 compound. 



The earliest traces of any custom resembling the ordeal is found in 

 the book of Numbers (ch. v.), in the waters of jealousy, which the 

 Hebrew women suspected of adultery were compelled to drink as a 

 test of their innocence. 



Blackstone, speaking of the several methods of trial and conviction 

 of offenders, says, " The most ancient species of trial was that by 

 ordtol, which was peculiarly distinguished by the appellation of 

 jutlvium dei, and sometimes ritlynrit jitiryalio, to distinguish it from 

 the canonical purgation, which was by the oath of the party. This 

 was of two sorte, either fire-ordeal or water-ordeal ; the former being 

 confined to persons of higher rank, the latter to the common people. 

 Both these might be performed by deputy ; but the principal was to 

 answer for the success of the trial, the deputy only venturing some 

 corporal pain fur hire, or perhaps for friendship. Fire-ordeal was per- 

 formed either by taking up in the hands unhurt a piece of red-hot 

 iron of one, two, or three pounds weight or else by walking barefoot 

 and blindfold over m'ne red-hot ploughshares, laid lengthwise at un- 

 equal distances ; and if the party escaped being hurt, he was adjudged 

 innocent ; but if it happened otherwise, as without collusion it usually 

 did, he was then condemned as guilty. However, by this latter method 

 Queen Emma, the mother of Edward the Confessor, is mentioned to 

 have cleared her character when suspected of familiarity with Ahvyn, 

 bishop of Winchester. Water-ordeal was performed either by plunging 

 the bare arm up to the elbow in boiling water, and escaping unhurt 

 thereby, or by casting the person suspected into a river or pond of cold 

 water, and if be floated therein without any action of swimming it 

 wat deemed an evidence of his guilt, but if he sunk he was acquitted." 

 Another species of ordeal was the corsned, or morsel of execration : 

 this was a piece of cheese or bread, about an ounce in weight, which 

 was consecrated with a peculiar form, and it was prayed that the bread 

 might cause convulsions and paleness, and lind no passage, if the mau 

 was really guilty, but might turn to health and nourishment if he was 

 innocent. The corsned was then given to the suspected \ erson, who 

 received the holy sacrament at the same time, if, indeed, as some 

 have suspected, the corsned was not the sacramental bread itself. 



The Ordeals of water and iron are first mentioned in the 77th law oi 

 Inn ; and afterwards in those of Athelstan, Edward the Confessor, and 

 the Conqueror. 



In ' Domesday 1 the readiness of claimants to prove their title to 

 land, by ordeal or by battle, occurs in a great variety of instances : as 

 among the lands belonging to the monastery of Ely, at a place then 

 called Photestorp. in Norfolk : " Hanc terrain calumpniatur esse liber.iin 

 Vlclietel homo Hermeri quocunque modo judicetur, vel bello vel 

 Judith." (See torn, ii., fol. 213, and other instances, fol. llo b, 137, 

 162, 106, 172 b, 13, 208, 277 b, 832.) Ferri candcntis Judicium 

 (the ordeal of hot iron) is the only ordeal of the Domesday Sur\,<v. 

 The reason fur this in given by Ulanville (1. xiv . ch. 1) : "in such a 

 case the accused is bound to clear himself by the judgment of God 

 namely, by hot iron, or by water, according to the difference of rank, 

 that is, by hot iron if he should be a free man, and by water if he 

 should be a villein (si fuerit rusticus)." 



Eadmer (' Hist. Novor./ p. it) speaks of uo fewer than fifty persons 

 of Saxon origin who, in the reign of William Rufus, being accused 



of killing the king's stags, were at one time sentenced to the fire- 

 ::. J, 



It is probable that the Trial by Ordeal was not discontinued in 

 England by any positive law or ordinance, although Sir E. Coke 

 '.' ll>ii., 32), and after him Blackstone (4 C'm>n., 315), have expressed 

 an opinion that it was finally abolished by an act of pirilaffltnk or 

 rather an order of the king in council, in the 3 Henry III. tl-l:'>. 

 This order is to be found in Rymer's ' Foedera,' vol i., p. 228; Spel- 

 nan's ' Glossary,' sub roce JuiiieiuM Dei ; and in Selden's ' Notes to 

 Kadmer.' Spelman, however, thinks that this was merely a temporary 

 aw, without any general or permanent operation, ami tli.it the Trial 

 :>y Ordeal continued to a later period This opinion seems confirmed 

 y a reference in the ' CaL Rot. Pat.,' p. 15, to another order in council 

 in the 14 Henry III., ' De jnstitU fociendi loco ignis et aqiue.' As, 

 However, it is only mentioned as a former custom, and not as an exist- 

 ing institution, by Bracton (lib. iil., cap. 16), who wrote at the end <>f 

 the reign of Henry HI. or the commencement of that of Edward I., it 

 is probable that, in consequence of the judfnnents of councils and the 

 interference of the clergy, the Trial by Ordeal fell into disuse nlnmt 

 the middle of the 18th century (Selden's ' Notes to Eadmer') . )>ut tlii< 

 was long after it had disappeared from the judicial systems of most 

 Mi. i European nations. 



Blackstone, in the part of his ' Commentaries' already quoted, says, 

 " Purgation by ordeal seems to have been very ancient, and very 

 universal in the times of superstitious barbarity. It was known 

 ancient Greeks : for in the ' Antigone' of Sophocles (v. 270) a person, 

 suspected by Creon of a misdemeanor, declares himself ready ' to 

 handle hot iron, and to walk over lire,' in order to manifest his inno- 

 cence ; which the scholiast tells us was then a very usual purg > 

 And Grotlus (on ' Numb.' v., 17) gives us many instances of water- 

 ordeal in Bithynia, Sardinia, and other places. 



" In Siam, besides the usual methods of fire and water-ordeal, both 

 parties are sometimes exposed to the fury of a tiger let loose for that 

 purpose : and if the beast spares either, that person is accounted 

 innocent ; if neither, both are held to be guilty ; but if he spares both, 

 the trial is incomplete, and thev proceed to a more certain crit 

 , ' Mod. Univ. Hiat.,' vol. vii, p. 266.) 



The 'Asiatic Researches' (vol. i.,4to Calcutta, 1788, p. 389-404) con- 

 tain a memoir on the trials by ordeal among the Hindus, by AH Ibra- 

 him Khdn, chief magistrate at Benares, communicated by Warren 

 Hastings, Esq., nine in number : 1, by the balance ; 2, by fire ; 3, by 

 water ; 4, by two sorts of poison ; 5, by Cosha, in whioh the accused 

 drinks of water in which the images of the sun and other deities have 

 lieen wa-lu-d ; 'i. liy chewing rice; 7, by hot oil ; 8, by hot iron ; 9, by 

 Dharraach, in which an imago named Dharma, or the genius of justice, 

 made of silver, and another of an antagonist genius Adharma, made of 

 clay or iron, or those figures painted respectively on white and black 

 cloth, ore thrown into a large jar, from which the accused is instructed 

 to draw at hazard. 



The Latin forms of service for the different species of ordeal, as 

 anciently used in England, are given by Spelman in his ' Glossary,' in 

 p. from the Textus Koffensis. 



The reader may consult for further information Grimm's ' Deutsche 

 Reehts-Alterthumer, Gottesurtheil.' 



ORDER is distinguished from degree in mathematical language by a 

 purely conventional boundary. Both are terms of succession ; thus 

 an expression is of the first, second, third, ic.. decree, according as 

 its highest power is the first, second, third, &c., of the principal letter. 

 But if another succession should occur, say one of differentiations, thou 

 the number of such successive operations is the order of the process. 

 Thus a differential equation which contains, at the highest, the fifth 

 power of a differential co-efficient, is said to be of the fifth degree ; 

 while if the highest differential co-efficient which occurs in it U the 

 third, it is said to be of the third order. 



There is a particular use of the word order in regard to quanti- 

 ties which increase or diminish without limit. If A and B both 

 diminish without limit, but if A diminish without limit with respect 

 to B [INFINITE], A is said to be of an inferior order to B ; and 

 generally the first powers of small quantities are said to be of the first 

 order ; products of two small quantities, and second powers, of the 

 second order ; and so on. 



ORDER IN COUNCIL. [PRIVY COUNCIL.] 



ORDERS, HOLY. [OuuiNATioN.] 



ORDINARY. This term, when used in English law, commonly 

 signifies the bishop of the diocese, who is in general, and of common 

 right, the ordinary judge in ecclesiastical causes arising within hi* 

 jurisdiction. (Lindwoode's ' I lib. i., tit. 3.) The t- 



dso applied to the commissary or official of the bishop, and to other 

 persons having, by custom or peculiar privilege, judicial power 

 annexed to their offices or dignities. Thus an archdeacon is an ordi- 

 nary. A bishop therefore is always an ordinary, but every ordinary is 

 not a bishop. 



Tli term is derived from the Canonists, and is in common 

 several European countries. Since tho Lateral! council, win n tin 

 apostolic see assumed the power of presenting to benefices, the pope 

 has sometimes been called by canonical writers " ordinarius ordiuario- 

 rum." The judex ordinarius of the canon and of the later Roman law 

 is a judge who has judicial cognisance in his own proper right, as such 



