ORDINATE. 



ORDNANCE. 



86 



judge, of all causes arising within the territorial limits of his jurisdic- 

 tion. He is opposed to the judex delegatus, or extraordinarily, whose 

 jurisdiction extends only to such causes as are specifically delegated to 

 him by some superior authority. (Ayliffe's ' Parergon," p. 309 ; Justin., 

 ' > i. veil.,' 20, c. 8 and 112, c, 31.) With reference to this distinction, 

 it became usual to apply the term " ordinary" to bishops, who, when 

 acting in their judicial character in ecclesiastical causes, have strictly an 

 ordinary jurisdiction ; and we find it used in this sense by Bracton and 

 the earliest writers upon English law. 



OROINATE ii< that particular rectangular Co-ordinate of a curve 

 which is measured perpendicularly to one of the axes and not upon an 

 axis. [CO-OBDINATE.] It ia necessary to observe that, though the 

 term co-ordinate has been extended to what are called polar co-ordi- 

 nates, yet the word ordinate is not separately used in the latter system. 

 The etymology of ordinate will be found in the article cited. 



OKDI. NATION, the ceremony by which holy orders are conferred, 

 or by which a person is initiated into the ministry of religion, or set 

 apart for preaching, administering the sacraments, and discharging 

 other ecclesiastical rites and duties, public or private. In the Church 

 of England, a candidate must be twenty-three years of age before he 

 can be ordained deacon, and twenty-four before he can be ordained 

 priest ; must have an appointment to some cure, except he be a fellow 

 of a college ; bring letters testimonial of his life and doctrine, for three 

 years, from three beneficed clergymen ; undergo an examination in 

 Latin, Greek, and theological learning ; subscribe to the Thirty-nine 

 Articles and the Liturgy ; and, aa bishops now almost invariably re- 

 quire, have graduated at one of the English universities, at Trinity 

 College, Dublin, or at some other recognised school. No person can 

 hold any vicarage, rectory, or benefice whatever, except he be in full 



A form of some kind has always been observed in conferring the 

 priesthood. This was the case under the Old Testament dispensation ; 

 in which the family, age, and qualifications of the individual appointed, 

 are particularly described. In the New Testament, our Lord called 

 the twelve apostles, and sent them out ordained them to perform the 

 offices of religion. So likewise the apostles ordained others ; and the 

 form they adopted for setting them apart was prayer and the impotiliun 

 of lianda. In this manner bishops, priests, and deacons were appointed ; 

 and, for at least ten centuries, no other ceremony was used or added 

 thereto. When the church became corrupt, this, like almost every 

 i.'L'T ordinance, shared the general perversion. It lost iU primitive 

 simplicity, and was elevated to the dignity of a sacrament. The plan 

 was adopted of delivering to a person ordained priest the tarred ratelt, 

 that is, the plate and the cup ; employing with the action certain 

 words by which he was authorised to offer sacrifice to God, and to 

 celebrate mass. To constitute a sacrament, three things are required, 

 matter, f,nm, and inttnution. Ordination was evidently instituted by 

 Jesus Christ and bis apostles ; but in their institution of it, it clearly 

 want* the main eaoentiaU of a sacrament. The church of the llth cen- 

 tury, in converting it into a sacrament, consul -red the rfitelt as the 

 malirr, and the farm was the delivering them with the words : " Take 

 thou authority to offer up sacrifices to God, and to celebrate manes, 

 both for the living and the dead ; in the name of the Father, the Son, 

 and the Holy Ghost." Protestant churches have returned to the 

 original method of conferring orders, and use only prayer and the 

 imposition of hands ; some sects dispense with the latter, a-i the Wes- 

 leyan Methodist*. 



The great controversy between Episcopalians and Presbyterians is, 

 the authority by which holy orders are conferred. The former hold 

 that bishops alone are vested with this authority ; and those especially 

 who entertain the notion of Apottulic luccatiux, that is, assert the fact 

 of an unbroken episcopal series from the days of the Apostles to the 

 present time, to which the power of ordaining ministers is confined 

 and through which it descends, deny the validity of orders and even 

 the existence of a church, where there is no bishop. The Presby- 

 terians, on the contrary, contend that the presbytery, or a body of 

 priest*, have authority lor this purpose ; and that bishops and presby- 

 ters are in Scripture the same, and not distinct orders or officers. 

 They urge that Timothy wag ordained by the laying on of the hands 



of the presbytery; and that Paul and Barnabas were ordained by 

 certain teachers and prophets in the church of Antioch, and not by 

 any bishop presiding in that city. It is certain however that bishops 

 have existed as a distinct order from the very earliest times; and 

 though we cannot assert that they are absolutely essential, yet they 

 evidently contribute to complete the idea of a church, and tend to its 

 orderly and effectual operation. 



Many at the Reformation held the call of the people the only thing 

 essential to the validity of the ministry, and taught that ordination is 

 only a ceremony which renders the call more solemn and authentic. 

 Accordingly the Protestant churches of Scotland, France, Holland, 

 Switzerland, &c., and the dissenting churches of England, have no 

 episcopal ordination. For Luther, Calvin, Bucer, Melancthon, and all 

 the tir-t reformers and founders of these churches, who ordained 

 ministers among them, were themselves presbyters and no other. 

 There are some remarks on this subject, at once liberal and judicious, 

 in Burnett's ' Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles." 



ORDNANCE, a general term applied to the great artillery (guns, 

 carronades, howitzers, and mortars) which is used in war, on land or at 

 sea; the name being probably derived from the compaguie* d'ordon- 

 nance, or Francs Archers, instituted in 1448 by Charles VII. of 

 France. 



The wars between the emperor Charles V. and Francis I. gave rise 

 on the Continent to the first important improvements in the con- 

 struction and use of heavy artillery. According to Templehof it was 

 then that some efforts were made to establish a system of proportions 

 between the length, the thickness, and the calibre of ordnance ; that 

 gunpowder was improved, and that certain relations between the charge 

 of powder and the weight of the projectile began to be established. 

 It was not, however, till the beginning of the 17th century that 

 artillery, which had before been chiefly used in the attack and defence 

 of fortresses, began to be extensively employed in engagements between 

 hostile armies ; but in 1632 the Austrians and Swedes together are 

 said to have brought into the fie'd 2000 pieces, among which were 24, 

 16, 12, and 6 pounder guns. 



An artillery capable of accompanying the rapid movements of cavalry, 

 was first systemieally introduced into warfare by Frederic the Great 

 [ARTILLERY] ; but the full development of the important services 

 which are capable of being rendered by tliis ami is due to the Prussian 

 general Scharnhost, since whose time the horse-artillery, as it is called, 

 has been considered as an indispensable requisite in the armies of every 

 nation in Europe. 



In the British service a rocket carriage and tube for the military 

 rockets invented by Sir \V. Congreve, is attached to each troop of horse 

 artillery and battery of artillery ; and these missiles, which have been 

 employed under various circumstances, have occasionally rendered con- 

 siderable service. [RocKKT.] 



The construction or mode of manufacture of artillery has been 

 described under CANNON. Under the present head we propose to 

 describe generally the size, &e., of the guns now in use in the 

 service, and very briefly their uses. Rifled ordnance, which are 

 now being adopted in the service, will be found described under 

 RIFI.K. 



Under the general term ordnance there were comprised guns of five 

 classes : shot guns, shell guns, howitzers, carronades, mortars ; to these 

 may now be added the rifled ordnance, shot and shell guns. 



Shot guns of the ordinary smooth-bored construction are com- 

 paratively long and heavy, being employed for projecting solid shot on 

 all occasions when considerable penetration or length of range is requi- 

 site ; they are of course, however, capable of throwing shells and all 

 other descriptions of ammunition. The calibre of a shot gun is 

 denoted by the weight of a cast-iron spherical shot, of which the 

 diameter is the same with the bore of the gun. The heavy-shot guns 

 are constructed of cast-iron, and are used for sea-coast batteries, for 

 the armament of ships of war, for the defence of fortresses, for breaching, 

 and for guns of position. Light-shot guns are constructed of bronze 

 (they are generally called brass guns), and are employed only as field 

 artillery in the English service. They are, however, employed for 

 siege purposes by the French. The annexed diagram represents a 



L 



" CD E F 



AP i coniidered a the length of the gun (= 7 feet) j AB i called the vent.fleld (= 5-5 in.) ; v, the rent; DC, the In', 'reinforce (= 50-9 in.) ; en, tlie second 



i.) i m, the cha*e (= 33-8 in.) ; XT, the muzzle (= 8-6 in.) ; AO, the cascable (=62 In.) ; HII, the truni.ionc ; H, the dolphins or 



handlea ; an is called the base ring (diam. = 11-75 in.) ; bit, the ban* ring ogee ; re, an astragal and filleu ; dA, the first rciniorce ring and ogie (diam. 



i- in.) j rr, the second do. (diam. -9-5 in.) ; ff, an astragal and ftllets (diam. at nn = 6-33in.) ; aa, the mnz/le mouldings ; AA, the breech ogoc and 



llt* ; *, the neck ; m, the butt. 



