237 



PALISADES. 



PALLADIUM. 



238 



ticularly interesting in a palseographical point of view from having 

 been twice rescribed. The uppermost of the three writings, com- 

 prising 26 Epistles of St. Jerome, is in the uncial character. As to the 

 age of the original manuscript, Niebuhr, who is supported by Kopp, 

 conjectures it to be anterior to the time of Justinian. 



The greater number of -the very ancient palimpsest manuscripts 

 which are preserved, in the Vatican, and in the Ambrosian Library at 

 Milan, as well as those at Turin, in which remains of the classical 

 authors have been found, were originally brought from the monastery 

 of St. Columbanus at Bobio, founded by the famous Irish saint, and 

 are inscribed ' Liber Sancti Columbani de Bobio.' Numerous examina- 

 . tions have lately been made of the Latin and Greek manuscripts at 

 Paris, and many palimpsests have been discovered, but none containing 

 texts of importance. 



In the British Museum is a palimpsest of the Iliad, written on 

 vellum, in fine, square, Greek uncials with accents and breathings, not 

 later than the 6th century ; it contains about 4000 lines, the upper- 

 most text being Syriac, probably of the 9th century. 



To another Syriac manuscript contained in the same library, we 

 likewise owe the important addition to classical literature of portions 

 of the annals of Gains Granius Licinianus. In the year 1847, the 

 authorities of the British Museum purchased from M. Pacho a number 

 of Syriac manuscripts, and fragments of manuscripts, which had 

 formerly belonged to the monastery of S. Maria Deipara, in Nitria (the 

 valley of the lake of Nitron). Amongst these was one containing 

 fragments of sermons of St. Chrysostom, written in Syriac, probably 

 about the 9th century, or rather later. On examination, several 

 leaves of this manuscript proved to be palimpsest ; and closer research 

 revealed the fact, that prior to these Syriac sermons, the vellum had 

 already received two earlier texts. The most ancient of these texts 

 written in an uncial character, probably of the 4th century, was found 

 to contain portions of the Annals of Licinianus. These were edited in 

 1857 by Dr. Karl Pertz, under the title, ' Gai Grani Liciniani Annalium 

 quae supersunt, ex codice ter scripto Musei Britannici Londinensis.' 

 In the following year the text, as furnished by Pertz, was more 

 carefully re-edited by seven scholars of the University of Bonn, under 

 the title, ' Grani Liciniani quas supersunt emendatiora edidit Philolo- 

 gorum Bonnensium Heptas.' The later of the two texts appears to be 

 a grammatical treatise written in a cursive hand of the 7th or 8th 

 century. It is much to be regretted that the chemical agency applied 

 to this palimpsest for the purpose of rendering it more easily read, 

 though successful for the moment, has ultimately caused many of the 

 originally faint traces of letters to become absolutely illegible. This 

 should act as a warning of the extreme caution necessary in employ- 

 ing powerful re agents in similar cases. 



PALISADES are strong palings placed generally 6 or 9 inches apart, 

 and pointed at their top to act as an obstacle in fortifications. They 

 are generally placed in field fortifications at the bottom of the counter- 

 scarp of the ditch, or else projecting nearly horizontally from the top 

 of the escarp. In permanent fortification the interior slope of the 

 glacis and the traverses of the covered way are furnished with palisades 

 to assist in the defence ; here the openings between the timbers allow 

 the defenders to fire through them. They are secured together about 

 their middle by a horizontal timber termed a ribbon, and also at their 

 lower ends by a strong beam sunk 8 or 4 feet in the ground. In 

 permanent works the timbers are generally about 4 or 6 inches square, 

 or triangular by cutting these across the diagonal. But in field-works 

 the rough stems of young tree* are often used. 



PALL, or PALLIUM, a cloak or covering; more especially used 

 for the ornamental article of dress granted by the pope to patriarchs 

 and archbishops : it is made of white wool, in the form of a baud 

 three fingers broad, to surround the shoulders, having pendants a 

 span in length before and behind, the ends ornamented with red 

 crosses. The origin of the pall is obscure ; but its use is of high 

 antiquity. Tertullian, who lived at the beginning of the 3rd century, 

 wrote a treatise ' De Pallio.' 



Sleidan, in his commentaries ' De Siatu Religionis et Reipublicrc," 

 Carlo V., CiEsare,' 4to, Argent, 1555, lib. xiii., p. 210, describes the 

 ceremony of making the pall. The price at which they are purchased 

 from the pope, he adds, is considerable ; nor is it lawful for an arch- 

 bishop to use his predecessor's pall. If by exchange, or in any other 

 way, a patriarch or metropolitan is removed to another church, although 

 he had purchased a pallium before, he must still be at the charge of a. 

 new one. Before the receipt of his pall an archbishop cannot perform 

 the functions of his office, even if he has been translated, nor can the 

 archiepiscopal cross be borne before him. 



The original grant of the pall from Pope Julius II. to Archbishop 

 Warham it still preserved among the Cottonian manuscripts in the 

 British Museum. The following is the form : " Ad honorem dei 

 omnipotentis, et beattc Maria! Virginis, et beatorum Apostolorum 

 Petri et Pauli ac domini nostri Julii, pp. ij. et sanctac Romanic Ecclesisc, 

 necnon Cantuarienuis Ecclesite tibi commi&uc, tradimus tibi Pallium de 

 corpora beati Petri sumptum, plenitudinis videlicet pontifical!* Officii, 

 tit utaris eo infra Ecclesiain tuam certis diebus qui exprimuntur in 

 privilegiis ei ab apostolica Sede concessis. Aloisius." 



In the east the pall is called nmophorion (upuxtdpiov), and has been 

 used at leant since the time of Chrysostom, who was charged with 

 three deacons of taking his omophorion. (Photii, ' Biblio- 



theca,' edit. Par. 1611, p. 55.) It is worn by all the Eastern bishops 

 above the phenolion, or vestment, during the eucharist ; and, as used by 

 them, resembles the ancient pallium much more nearly than that worn 

 by Western metropolitans, approaching nearer to the shape of a cope. 



In England the term pall is applied to the covering thrown over the 

 coffin at a funeral ; and our poets have used it as synonymous with a 

 mantle or cloak of a stately character. Milton says,. . 



" Let gorgeous tragedy 

 In scepter'd pall come sweeping by." 



(Du Cange, Glossar., v. 'Pallium;' Picart's Seliyioits Ceremonies,- 

 Palmer, Orif/ines Lituryicce, 8vo., Oxf., 1832, pp. 317, 318.) 



PALLADAMINE. [PALLADIUM.] 



PALLADIUM (Pd). A rare metal, chiefly occurring as an alloy 

 with platinum and iridium, but sometimes in the pure state. For ita 

 natural history, see PLATINUM, in NAT. HIST. Div. To isolate it, the 

 platinum ore is dissolved in nitrohydrochloric acid, chloride of ammo- 

 nium is added to precipitate the platinum, aud the palladium is then 

 thrown down as cyanide from the filtered solution by the addition of 

 cyanide of mercury : the white flocculent cyanide of palladium is then 

 heated with sulphur to expel cyanogen, and the sulphur finally got rid 

 of by well roasting. Brazilian gold usually contains five or six per 

 cent, of palladium, and is therefore another source of this metal. 



Palladium is hard, white, ductile, and tenacious. It readily fuses 

 before the oxhdydrogen blowpipe, and is volatile at the temperature of 

 melted iridium. It is more oxidisable than silver, but is very slowly 

 tarnished in the air. Its density is ll'S. It dissolves in ziuc, but 

 does not combine with that metal. It forms a crystalline alloy with 

 tin, containing three equivalents of palladium to two of tin, and the 

 resulting compound very much resembles the corresponding alloys of 

 silver and copper with tin. Palladium is soluble in aqua regia, or in 

 hot nitric acid, but is not easily acted upon by the other acids. 

 It is readily distinguished from platinum, which it somewhat re- 

 sembles in appearance, by being stained brown by a drop of solution 

 of iodine. 



The equivalent of palladium is 53'24. 



Palladium, and oryyen form two well-defined compounds, viz. : 



1 . Protoxide of palladium . 



2. Biooxide of palladium 



PdO 

 PdO. 



According to Ran<5 a suboxide (Pd, 0) is produced on heating the 

 hydrated protoxide to incipient redness. 



1. Protoxide of palladium is obtained as a black powder on heating 

 nitrate of palladium to low redness. It has somewhat the appearance 

 of black oxide of manganese, and loses its oxygen when heated to 

 whiteness. It is precipitated as a dark brown hydrate (PdO, HO), on 

 adding carbonate of potash or soda to a solution of a protosalt of palla- 

 dium. The hydrate is soluble in caustic potash, and loses its water 

 when moderately heated. 



2. Rinoxide of palladium is obtained as a yellowish brown hydrate 

 (PdO,, HO) on adding solution of caustic potash, or carbonate of 

 potash, to the solid double bichloride of potassium and palladium. It 

 is reduced to the anhydrous state by mere boiling with water aud is 

 then black. 



Carbide of palladium. Palladium is very apt to absorb carbon when 

 heated in contact with that substance, and is thereby rendered exceed- 

 ingly brittle. 



Sulphide of palladium (Pd S). A blackish brown precipitate, formed 

 on passing sulphuretted hydrogen through a solution of a protosalt of 

 palladium. The metal itself also when heated with sulphur combines 

 with incandescence, and forms a fusible gray lustrous mass. 



I;ilide of palladium (Pd I) is a black precipitate formed on adding 

 iodide of potassium to a solution of a protosalt of palladium. It is 

 insoluble in water, alcohol, or ether, but is decomposed on heating 

 with caustic potash. 



Bromide of palladium much resembles the iodide. 



Palladium and chlorine form two chlorides : 



1. Prolochloridc of palladium 



2. Bichloride of palladium . 



PdCl 

 PdCl, 



1. ProtocUoride of palladium. The metal dissolves slowly in hydro- 

 chloric acid with production of protochloride, or quickly in aqua regia 

 with production of bichloride. On evaporating the solution of bi- 

 chloride to dryness and gently heating, the protochloride remains. It 

 is soluble in water, and may be obtained in brown hydrated crystals. 

 With ammonia it forms a number of interesting bodies resembling 

 those produced by acting upon protochloride of platinum with the 

 same agent; one of them is the chloride of paUadamine (NH 3 Pd, Cl) 

 or chloride of ammonium, in which au equivalent of hydrogen is re- 

 placed by one of palladium. The oxide of paUadamine (NH 3 Pd,0) is 

 a powerful base. 



2. Bichloride of palladium is formed when the metal is dissolved in 

 aqua regia. On adding chloride of potassium a red crystalline precipi- 

 tate of Moro[,alladiate of potattium, or double chloride of palladium 

 and potassium is thrown down. 



Cyanide of palladium (PdCy). Cyanogen has a greater affinity for 

 palladium than for any other metal. White, or slightly yellow coloured 



