241 



PAXATHEN.EA. 



PANORAMA. 



242 





in honour of Pan Lupercus, the protector of the flocks against wolves. 

 According to Sen-ins (note to Virgil's ' Eclogues,' ii. 31) Pan was also 

 considered as the god of Nature, a personification of the universe, the 

 word pan (Tray), in Greek, meaning " all," or "the whole," but this was 

 a late notion. 



PANATHENAEA (novofl^coio), the greatest of the Athenian festivals, 

 was celebrated in honour of Athena (Minerva) as the guardian deity of 

 the city ('A<Wj"7 TOAKS). It is said to have been instituted by Erictho- 

 nius, son of Hephaestus (Harpocrat., UavaS.), and to have been called 

 originally Athenaea ('Aflrifoia) ; but it obtained the name of Pana- 

 thenaea in the time of Theseus, in consequence of his uniting into 

 one state the different independent states into which Attica had been 

 previously divided. < Paus., viii., 2, a 1 ; Plut.,' Thes.,'c. 20 ; Thucyd., 

 ii. 15.) 



There were two Athenian festivals, which had the name of Pana- 

 thenaea : one of which was called the Great Panathenaea (niyd\a 

 TlavnOrivtua), which was celebrated once in every five years with very 

 great magnificence, and attracted spectators from all parts of Greece ; 

 and the other, the Less Panathenaea (iwtpA norafi^ycua), which was 

 celebrated every year in the Pineus. (Harpocrat., loc. cit. ; Plato, 

 ' De Rep.,' i. 1.) When the Greek writers speak simply of the festival 

 of the Panathenaea, it is sometimes difficult to determine which of the 

 two is alluded to ; but when the Panathanaea is spoken of by itself, 

 and there is nothing in the context to mark the contrary, the pre- 

 sumption is that the Great Panathenaea is meant; and it is thus 

 spoken of by Herodotus (v. 56) and Demosthenes (' De Fals. Leg.,' 

 p. 394). 



The Great Panatbenaea was celebrated on the 28th day of Hecatom- 

 boeon (Proclus, quoted by Clinton, ' Fast. Hell.,' p. 325), the first of the 

 Athenian months, which agrees with the account of Demosthenes (' C. 

 Timocr.,' p. 708, 709), who places it after the 12th day of the month. 

 There is considerable dispute as tythe time in which the Less Pana- 

 thenaea was celebrated. Meursius places its celebration in Thargelion, 

 the eleventh of the Athenian months ; but Petitus and Corsini, in 

 Hecatombaeon. Mr. Clinton, who has examined the subject at con- 

 siderable length (' Fast. Hell.,' p. 332-335), supports the opinion of 

 Meursius ; and it does not appear improbable that the Less Panathemca 

 was celebrated in the same month as the Great, and was perhaps 

 omitted in the year in which the great festival occurred. The cele- 

 bration of the Great Panathenaea only lasted one day in the time of 

 Hipparchus (Thucyd., vi. 56) ; but it was continued in later times for 

 several days. 



At both of the Panathenaea there were gymnastic games (Find., 

 ' Isthm.,' iv. 42 ; Pollux, viii. 93), among which the torch-race seems 

 to have been very popular. There were also chariot and horse races. 

 In the time of Socrates, there was introduced at the Less Panathemca 

 a torch-race on horseback. (Plato, ' De Rep.,' i. 1.) At the Great 

 Panathemca there was also a musical contest, and a recitation of the 

 Homeric poems by rhapsodists. (Lycurg., ' C. Leocr.,' p. 209.) The 

 victors in these contests were rewarded with vessels of sacred oil. 

 ( Pinil., ' Nem.,' x. 64, and Scholia ; SchoL on ' Soph. Oed. Col.,' 698.) 

 The most celebrated irt however of the Great Panathenaic festival 

 was the solemn procession (woft-rfi}, in which the Peplus (IIfir\oi) or 

 sacred robe of Athena was carried through the Ceramicus and other 

 principal parts of the city to the Parthenon, and suspended before the 

 statue of the goddess within. This Peplus was covered with em- 

 broidery (IOI*(A^IOTO, Plato, ' Euthyph.,' c. 6), on which was repre- 

 sented the Battle of the Gods and the Giants, especially the exploits of 

 Zeus and Athena (Plato, loc. cit. ; Eurip., ' Hecub.,' 468), and also 

 the achievements of the heroes in the Attic mythology, whence 

 Aristophanes speaks of " men worthy of this land and of the Peplus. 

 (' Equit.,' 564.) The embroidery was worked by young virgins of the 

 noblest families in Athens (called iirycurrircu ), of whom two were 

 superintendents, with the name of Arrephonc. When the festival was 

 celebrated, the Peplus was brought down from the Acropolis, where it 

 had been worked, and was suspended like a sail upon a ship (Pans., 

 xxix. 1, s. 1), which was then drawn through the principal parts of the 

 city. The procession which accompanied it consisted of persons of all 

 ages and both sexes, of foreigners resident at Athens as well as of 

 citizens. The old men carried olive branches in their hands, whence 

 they were called Thallophori (6a\Ao^x$poi),and the young men appeared 

 with arms in their hands, at least in the time of Hipparchus. (Thucyd., 

 vi 56.) The young women carried baskets on their heads, whence 

 they were called Canephori (KWTppdpoi). The sacrifices were very nume- 

 rous on this occasion. During the supremacy of Athens every subject 

 state had to furnish an ox for the festival. (Schol. on Aristoph. 

 ' Nub..' 385.) It was a season of general joy ; even prisoners were 

 accustomed t-> b.- lib.-r.xted, that they might take part in the general 

 rejoicing. (Schol. on Demosth. ' Timocr.,' 184.) After the battle of 

 Marathon, it was usual for the herald at the Great Panathemca to pray 

 for the good of the Plateaus as well as of the Athenians. (Herod., vi. 

 111.) 



The procession, which has been described above, formed the subject 

 of the bas-reliefs which embellished the outside of the temple of the 

 Parthenon, which are generally known by the name of the Panathenaic 

 The blocks of marble of which this frieze was originally com- 

 posed, were 3 feet 4 inches high, and they formed a connected series 

 of 524 feet in length. A considerable portion of this frieze, which is 

 AKTS AND SCI. DIT. VOL. VI. 



one of the most splendid of the ancient works of art, is in the British 

 Museum. [ELGIN MARBLES.] 



A full and detailed account of this festival is given by Meursius, in 

 a work on the subject, which is printed in the seventh volume of the 

 ' Thesaurus ' of Gronovius. 



PANCAKE, a thin cake of batter fried or baked in a pan. The 

 annual custom of frying pancakes (in turning or tossing which in the 

 pan there was usually a good deal of pleasantry in the kitchen) is still 

 retained in many families throughout the kingdom on Shrove Tuesday, 

 and was formerly universal. The church bell which used to be rung 

 on that day, to call the people together, in Roman Catholic times, for 

 the purpose of confessing their sins, or shriving themselves, was called 

 the pancake-bell, a name which it long retained. 



According to Brand (' Popular Antiq.'), a kind of pancake feast 

 preceding Lent was used in the Greek Church, from whence we probably 

 have borrowed it, and pancakes are eaten at any time, though more 

 generally on Shrove Tuesday. The Russes, Hakluyt says, begin their 

 Lent always eight weeks before Easter. The first week they eat eggs, 

 milk, cheese, and butter, and make great cheer with pancakes and 

 such other things. 



PANCHA-TANTRA. [PILPAY, in BIOS. Div.] 



PANDECT. [JUSTINIAN'S LEGISLATION.] 



PANDUS. [MAHABHARATA.] 



PANEGYRIC (from the Greek ' panegyricus,' Trcanryvputos K&yos) is 

 a species of oration in praise of a person or thing, so called because 

 such discourses used to be delivered in ancient Greece on the occasion 

 of great public festivals before the whole assembly, " pandgyris," of the 

 people. Afterwards the name came to be applied to political orations 

 delivered in the senate or council of a state in praise of that state or of 

 the leading men or man in it. The panegyrical oration of Isocrates is 

 a fine specimen of the kind, in which he commemorates the glories of 

 Athens, the services which it had rendered to Greece in general, and 

 the whole with a view to nourish friendly feelings between it and the 

 other Greek states. 



Under the Roman empire panegyrics were composed in praise of the 

 emperors, Pliny's panegyric of Trajan is a well known specimen of this 

 kind. Panegyrics became frequent under the late emperors, both of 

 the East and the West, in Greek and in Latin ; they are mostly 

 however written in a fulsome and adulatory style. We have pane- 

 gyrics of Constantine, Constantius, Justinian, Theodosius, and others, 

 which, if consulted with discrimination, may be useful for historical 

 purposes and for supplying deficiencies in the historians of those times. 

 Eunodius, bishop of Pavia, wrote a panegyric in praise of Theodoric. 



Panegyrics have also been written in verse. The poem of Tibullus 

 in praise of Messala is a specimen of this kind, as well as similar com- 

 positions by Claudianus, Sidonius, and others. 



In modem times panegyrics have been written by Roman Catholic 

 preachers in honour of particular saints. Giordani, an Italian con- 

 temporary author, wrote a panegyric in praise of Napoleon, in imitation 

 of that of Pliny. But the panegyrical style seems no longer in accord- 

 ance with the taste of our age, and its essential character is too 

 laudatory to please minds of an independent cast. The tloga on 

 deceased members of the Academic Francai.se are perhaps the only 

 existing examples of the old panegyric. 



PANEL. This term in Knglixh law denotes a small schedule of 

 paper or parchment containing the names of the jurors returned by 

 the sheriff for the trial of issues in courts of common law. The en- 

 rolment of the names upon this schedule is the array. The etymo- 

 logy of the term is doubtful ; Sir Edward C'oke says, " Panel is an 

 English word, and signifieth a little part, for a pane is a part, and a 

 panel is a little part' (Co. l.itt., 158 b). Spelman derives the word 

 from jMfietta, a little page, supposing the g to be changed to . (Spel- 

 man's ' Gloss.,' tit. " Panella "). Both these etymologies seem to be 

 incorrect. In the old book called ' Les Termes de la Ley,' panel ia 

 said to come from the French win! jifimif, a skin ; whence in barbarous 

 I Latin might come pane/Ins or jittnclla, signifying a little skin of parch- 

 j ment. This would denote the jury panel pretty accurately, and the 

 history of its appearance as an expression in English procedure is con- 

 sistent with its derivation from the French. 



In the earliest records of the forms of jury-process, as given by 



(llanville, it appears that the sheriff was commanded by the writs in 



cvrtain real actions to cause to be imbreviated (imbreviari facere) the 



names of the jurors by whom the land in question was viewed. But 



i at this time the word panel never occurs, nor is it used by Bracton, 



Fleta, or Britton, nor in any statute earlier than 20 Edw. III., c. 6 



1 1 " I '.' i. which forbids sheriffs from putting suspected persons in arrays 



'.. This was precisely the period at which the French language 



to be fully introduced into our law proceedings. (Luder's 



' Tract on the Use of the French Langugu in our Ancient Laws.') 



In Scotch criminal law, the accused, who is called a defender till his 

 ai'ln-araii''" to answer a charge, is afterwards styled the pannel. The 

 etymology of this word also is doubtful. (Jameson's ' Dictionary,' ad 

 verb ) But it U possible that it may have the same origin as our 

 English word, as in Scotch proceedings a prisoner is sometimes said to 

 be entcrnl in /../</ to stand trial. (Arnot's ' Criminal Trials,' p. 12.) 



PANOPTICON. [BENTHAM, in Bioo. Div.] 



PANORA'MA (from the Greek we.rd irw, all, and Spafut, a view), ft 

 picture showing a view completely around the spectator. This in- 



R 



