>AI n 



I'AXTOfJll.VI'll. 



was fir* devbni by an Kaglbk artbt. 

 . about Ik* MAT 1791 and b not *o much a new mod. 

 |-tk* procMs iteelf being aimilar to sa*j* plhrtisM or it 

 ion of it. Contrary to th* diorama 



[DlMAMel tk* panorama foru- tk* wrface of Wlow cylinder, or 

 retuade (.bone* it b frequently oslUd in German *..Jym*W or 

 Smtft. rril rm t '-T^- eratr* of which b a detanked circular 

 phtfora far Ike spectator., covered uwrl to conceal tke skylight, 

 and Ibmby lin.iii Ik* illiuiua and give greater cfleot to the painting 

 itaetf. Tk* Uu*r b not painted oa tke walU. but upon canvas, like 

 Ik* Men** of a tkesUv, and afterward* fixed up. in order that the 

 view, any be changed, and a freak on* may be in progre** while 

 another b open for exhibition. Yet ahkooghthere b nothing whatever 

 r ia rejdrd to Ik* execution or proses* of *uoh pictures, they are 

 wkbk can b* nu-tored only by practice and 

 Tk* first of UMM arbes from the otreumetane* 



Uut th* 

 of it 



greata* 

 the rye t 



hb 



__j hb purpose.'out while* portions of hb view 

 will b* entirely ueunehiae, tke opposite on* will b* almost a mass of 

 shadow; tke Mcand b tke difficulty of representing on a curved 

 urfao* Ik* etraicht horiionul line* of building*; the third and 

 I of all u. that there can be no single fixed point of sight, since 



> vye traverses around the whole circle of the horizon. Hence it 



ght be supposed that many part* of rock a picture would appear, if 

 not quite distorted, more or la- out of perspective. Yet such is 

 not the case, no doubt partly because tke eye accommodate* iteelf to 

 certain principal point* Axed upon by the artist as centres of vision, 

 aad on acooJnt oftko optical faination attending the whole. Th- 

 enbjecte generally ekoesn are view* of cities, or interesting sites, 

 who** entire locality and buildings may thus be vividly placed before 

 tk* eye ia a nunner no less instructive than it b interesting. 



Among tke largest panoramas hitherto attempted was the view of 

 Lmrim by day, and of I'ari. by night, at the Coloseeum in the Regent'* 

 Park. An improvement on this sort of panorama, U what is styled 

 tke moving panorama. Thb, which b al*o painted on canvas, by 

 baiag wound on aad off a cylinder, ha* been used to depict a con- 

 tinuous extent of cenery of many thousands of miles. Such were the 

 panorama, of tke Mississippi and Ohio riven, and many others. 



I'AN>Y. a corruption of the French jxnttt, b a name now chiefly 

 applied to the garden varieties of Viola tricolor, Attaica, and others, 

 which are commonly cultivated under the name of Heart's-***). These 

 jikats. being all nearly allied to each other, have proved an abundant 

 onro* of hybrid*, which by repeated crossing and selecting, have at 

 length been *o much improved in their appearance that it is not un- 

 ""' to meet with single flower* as large as a penny piece, although 

 th* wild blossom of Viola tricolor will hardly cover a sixpence. 

 When skilfully managed, they are great ornaments of the flower-beds 

 ia a garden, but they are short-lived, and require to be continually 

 i cased! by seeds or cutting*. They love damp rich soil, not too much 

 exposed to tke *nn, and are thought to acquire the greatest health and 

 beauty when planted in bed* of light rich earth upon a thick sub- 

 stratum of cow-dung, into which their roots will quickly penetrate. 



I'ANTHr.uN. [Roj, in OKOO. Div.] 



PAVI-'MiKAPH, sometimes improperly called PENTAORAPH, 

 is an instrument employed in copying maps, plans, and other 

 drawing*. 



The w* diagram represents that most commonly in use. 



It b composed of four bras* run* or ban, jointed to each other at 

 Ik* potato o E P. These joints require to be carefully executed, as 

 upon tk* noothnees and steadiness of their motion the accuracy of the 

 instrument principally depends. In those of the best construction 

 there b a email metal cock screwed to the bar of each joint, which 

 rapport* tk* upper end of tke axis upon which it turns. This b 

 a material improvement upon the common flat compass joint, as, 

 nisHai lengthening tke axb, it gives additional strength to the bar 

 where it most requinx it. A joint of Uiis construction b shown in 



At tke point < b fixed a small tube which carries the tracing point, 

 . o fitted as to more freely within it, but without shaking ; *;/. 8 repre- 

 ante Ik* tracer within the tube. The bar E o and the lower part of 

 the bar A ar* furnished cadi with a tube, Jig. 4, similar to that at c, 

 but muveabb on the bar, with a similar acrew to fasten it down at any 

 required point, fig. t b the pencil stem, which fit* either of the 

 tube, ia tke earn* manner a* the tracer ; <-n thr top of the stem is a 

 cup to receive a email weight to keep it down ii|.n the paper, and the 

 lower end carries a pencil, or, which b better, a " Mordan's point." A 

 .ilk cord b attached to the pencil stem, carried through eye* made for 

 tke pnrpoM, over the joint. E B r, one of which b shown on the top of 

 fg. 2, aad fixed in a notch in the top of the tracer, fg. 3, so that the 

 pressure of the thumb upon the cord lifts the pencil from the paper 

 when required, fiy. 8 b a flat leaden weight with a brass stem ri-ing 

 out of it, which fit* in tke tubes in the same manner as the pencil 

 aad tracing point ; this b called the fulcrum, as being the point upon 

 which the whole instrument moves ; the weight has three or four line 

 |>ointa on ite under surface to keep it from shifting upon the paper. 

 Th* whole instrument b supported by six revolving feet or castors, 

 which should move very freely in all directions. On* of UMM castors 

 u shown under th* joint, .".. 2. The pin or fulcrum b placed near the 



edge of UM weight, so as to allow room for the castor to work when 

 the fulcrum b near th* poinU A or D. 



Pit. l. 



The proportion of the bars is of no consequence, so that E D is equal 

 to B r and E B to F D, in which case they will always form a parallel- 

 ogram, by which name the instrument is sometimes called. Mow if 

 the tracer at c is carried over the lines of the plan, the fulcrum-tube 

 being fixed at A, and the pencil-tube at o, the pencil will make an exact 

 copy of every line, but only half the size of the original, which may be 

 proved in the following manner : 



The points A, <:, and c, are capable of being brought close together. 

 and when the instrument is open, as in the figure, u is exactly hall' V..IY 

 between c and A ; c then travels twice as quickly as a in the diitviin 

 A o c, so that to whatever extent the pantograph may be opened, o and 

 c being considered as points in a lever of which A is the fulcrum, it 

 will be seen that if c is made to describe an arc of a circle of any 

 radius, o at the same time is describing an arc of a circle of half the 

 radius, so that c moves in a direction perpendicular to A o o twice as fast 

 as o. Now it was shown above that it moved twice as fast as u in the 

 direction A o c, and as by the composition of these two motions, .ill 

 lines, whether rectilinear or curved, are produced, it follows that the 

 tMsncil at o will produce a copy half the size of the original traced over 

 by the point at c, as before stated. 



To produce a copy one-fourth the size of the original, we must shift 

 the pencil from u to >/, and the fulcrum from A to a, ag being one- 

 fourth the length of a r, and so on for all other proportions Urn than 

 half, the constant rule being " As the distance of the pencil from the 

 fulcrum b to the distance of the tracer from the fulcrum, so will be 

 the sue of the copy to that of the original." No calculation is required 

 in practice, as the arms A E and K i> are graduated for all proportions 

 from ime-twi-lith to i Icvcn -twelfths inclusive. If it be required to 

 produce a copy more than half the size of the original, the fulcrum 

 must be placed on the arm E D, and the pencil on A K, the rule above 

 ill holding good, so that for a copy the tame the as the original 

 the fulcrum must be placed at u, and the pencil at A. It must be 

 borne in mind, however, that when the fulcrum is on the arm E D, the 

 cony will IN- inverted. 



Though the principle of this instrument is as simple and complete 

 as can be imagined, yet it falls sadly short of perfection in practice. 



In the first place the numerous joint* and castors, however carefully 

 constructed, make it heavy to the hand in comparison with thr 

 unfettered pencil, and it requires much practice to be able to manage it 

 so dexterously as to get those minute and gentle undulations, necessary 



