PAPA VERIO A 



PAPER HANGINGS. 



the nostrils. It Is rarely swallowed, and if it 



lit graerally ow 



, of that TKSH. TfceChmsssns. it both before and after meals, 

 bat If taken toe soon after food U CASKS* sisknsss It seems to excite 

 Ike bodily powers, bat creates kttie derangement of the intellectual 

 meeJtiss. sad does not occasion dreams, ss opium-eating does. It 

 appears to be sn slntost necessary stimulus in s cUmate where languor 

 and nstlsssnsss so ~~"-^ly prersU. Knjoyed in moderation it has 

 no bad eonteqwesMSS. These statements are confirmed by the accounts 

 at Or. (fames (' Narrative of a Visit to the Court of Bmde,' p. 280), 

 and abore all. by that of Botte (Krorieps ' Notisen,' xxvi.. who made 

 trisJ daring a period of twelve months on himself, and fo.md ' - 



lili 



. 



of Unee woo debate the quntion of the 

 opium with UM violence of partisans or the partiality of 

 .Ulrnu (8w Quarterly Keriew/ ToL Ixv., March, 1840, 

 hinese Amur*.' written by Sir John Barrow.) 



Of the treatment of a ease of poisoning with optem, little need be 

 ~VM to what hae beeo said under AXTIPOTES, and NARCOTICS. The 

 tat obfcot fa to empty the stomach, and a* emetics can scarcely be 

 mad* to act, the stomach pump nhould be assiduously used. The next 

 object is to obviate the disposition to sleep. This may be done by 

 keeping UM penoo walking about u much as possible, and also applying 

 eoU and hot water alternately, a* recommended by Dr. Boisragon 

 ( Medical Gazette,' March 7, 1840), peraeverance in which will often 

 rescue the patient from imminent danger. When all the opium it 

 removed from the stomach, vinegar, or coffee boiled in vinegar, may be 

 drank at abort interval*. Moderate veneaection (if the pulse be full) 

 b sometimes of eerrioe, and carrying on artificial respiration is a 

 nest frnHM* 1 messurn. The subsequent constipation requires 

 attention. 



A modification of Dr. Marshall Hull's plan of treating drowned per- 

 sons, when no longer able to stand or walk about, would be useful. 

 On* point in this plan U to avoid laying the patient on his back, but, 

 on the contrary, on his face, with his arms folded under his head, and 

 moving him from side to ride so as to cause successive expirations and 

 inspirations, sixteen times in the minute only. (See ' The Lancet,' 

 April 12. 18M.) 



The officinal preparations of opium are numerous, and are fitted fur 

 different purposes. It is to be regretted that they are not of uniform 

 strength, as this proves a source of inconvenience, as well as sometimes 

 of danger. The great variation in strength of the tincture of opium, 

 as found in the nbops, has been pointed out by Dr. Cbristison (' Kdin. 

 Medical and .Surgical Journal,' vol. xlix., ]>. U'l'.n, and even a greater 

 difference is to be found in the syrup of poppies, which as generally 

 prepared is a feeble preparation, but in other instances BO powerful as 

 to prove, in the done of a few drops, fatal to children. (See ' Returns 

 from the Coroners of England and Wales, of all Inquisitions held by 

 them during the years 1887 and 18S8, in cases where Death was found, 

 by Verdict of Jury, to have been caused by Poison,' laid before 

 parliament, on the motion of Sir Robert Inglis.) Numerous also are 

 the instances of deaths from mothers and nurses administering 

 nostrums, such as Godfrey's cordial and other soothing medicines, the 

 moat potent ingredient in which is opium. Paregoric elixir, though a 

 weaker preparation than tincture of opium alone, or laudanum, differs 

 much in strength in the two kingdoms. Scotch paregoric elixn 

 one-fifth of the strength of laudanum, while English paregoric elixir is 

 four times weaker. Some secret preparations in extensive use are , on 

 the other hand, considerably stronger, such as the black drop, 

 Battley'i sedative liquor, and Jeretnie's sedative solution, which last is 

 now much employed in India, and even ill Britain. It seems not to be 

 followed by headache or constipation, effects so inconvenient that to 

 avoid them the alkaloids of opium have been substituted for the crude 

 drug. Thus acetate and hydrochlorato of morphia often agree with 

 the system, where opium is unsuitable; and a syrup of co<lei:i is 

 efficacious against the gastric disorders of tropical climates, where 

 opium or morphia even cannot be borne. ('Journal do Pharmacie,' 

 ton. raid. p. 418 ; et torn, xxiv., p. 144.) 



The capsules of the white poppy are ordered to be used to form an 

 extract, and a decoction which is employed as a fomentation. These 

 should be collected before they become ripe, as all the morphia is 

 dissipated afterwards. The petals of the wild field poppy. /'. 

 are used to form a sy nip, which is only esteemed as a colouring material. 

 and is not narcotic. 



(Sachs, Dot (Vm,Konigsberg, 1838 ; Chorvet, De V Action compare, 

 dt rtt,,,,m ; Christiaon, On Puima ; Pereira, in Mattria Medico, ; and 

 Holland, M'diml A'x and Itrlttctio,,,.) 



PAPAVBBIC ACID. KAmdic Add.A.n acid of doubtful exin- 

 teaee, said to be contained in the flowers of the wild poppy. 



PAPA V I-;IM. \K. [OMOJI, ALKALOIDS or] 



PAPER HANGINGS, a term applied (somewhat incorrectly) to the 

 * t "^'.. or r 5J llCT co' ""* 1 . tftr panted against the walls of apart- 

 ments, c. The won! " hangings " was originally and properly applied 



embroidered Upestry with which the walls of'. 

 wre covered. From the time necessary for their prod 

 then were too costly for ny classes but the wealthy. About 200 

 yean ago, however, a mode was devised of printing or painting a 



pattern on sheets of paper, and pasting them against the walls of a 

 room ; these are " paper-hangings, and they have greatly contributed 



i .,n,| elrm. ,,intic apartment*. Beforr. 



erer, actual puprr hangings were adopted, there was a sort of inter- 

 mediate plan by which textile material was employed. Jerome I. 

 nu.ii! the year 1038, produced what he called tonturt dt laine. Thin 

 was cloth, on which a design was drawn in varnish or foot oil. A 

 collection of tuck, or powdered fragments of woollen, was at li.nl. 

 different colours in ilitlrmit boxes ; the flock was sprinkled on tlui 

 cloth in a peculiar manner by the finger and thumb, and thus an 

 attempt was made to imitate costly tapestries and brocades. \\ In >i 

 the cheaper material, paper, came to be employed, the dev 

 pattern was printed in outline, with ink, on separate sheets of paper ; 

 the sheets were then joined edge to edge by paste, and the < 

 was filled in by hand with distemper colour. The patterns were 

 i-ln.-ily panels, containing groups of fruits, flowers, animals, 

 figures, grotesques, Ac, About seventy yean ago, there was a cele- 

 brated manufactory of paper-hangings at Chelsea, belonging to the 

 Messrs. Kchardts, where the best work was done. They employed 

 many tasteful artists; they printed on silk and linen as well as 

 pape'r ; and the original blocks of some of their designs ore still 

 preserved. 



As at present conducted, there are three modes of producing the 

 required device. 1. Wooden blocks are carved, representing in relief 

 the iiiitlint* of the figure ; on impression is taken from these blocks, 

 anil the device is completed by painting with a pencil. 2. A sheet of 

 paper, leather, tin, or copper, is cut out into the required dcvi 



t he paper to be stained ; a brush, dipped in a coloured pit 

 and worked over the surface of the perforated plate, conveys tl 

 ment through all the perforations, and forms a pattern on the paper. 

 3. A block is carved for each of the colours to be employed, and an 

 impression from all the blocks in succession fills up the design on the 

 paper. The first of these modes is too slow and costly for ordinary 

 use ; the second produces imperfect outlines, and i now chiefly cm- 

 ployed (under the name of steneilliny) to paint a pattern on the plaster 

 walls of a room, without using paper-hangings ; the third, which is 

 the mode almost exclusively employed at the present day, we will now 

 describe. 



The paper is printed in pieces twelve yards long, and to produce 

 these it was formerly necessary to paste sixteen or eighteen sheet* of 

 paper together at the edges. But machine-made paper now allows the 

 paper stainer to procure the whole length in one piece. A piece is 

 laid out ou a long bench, and the ground-colour applied, consisting of 

 pounded whiting tinted by the addition of some pigment, and li<|in-ticd 

 by the aid of melted size ; this is laid on with large brushes. W hen 

 the paper is dry, it is ready to receive the print. Let us suppose the 

 pattern to contain three colours, red, dark green, and light green, 

 besides the ground or general tint. Three blocks are carved in bard 

 wood, the uncut parts (as in a common wood-block) representing the 

 device ; each block is intended for one colour only ; and care is taken 

 that all three shall register or combine their devices properly, v. h n 

 printed. The blocks are of near-tree, mounted on pine. The three pig- 

 ments being mixed with melted size, in separate vessels, one of them 

 (say red) is spread with a brush on a wooden frame covered with I- 

 or flannel : the proper block is laid face downwards on the wet paint, 

 takes up a layer of it, and imparts it to the paper, on which it is imme- 

 diately pressed. Another similar impression is made adjoining the first ; 

 and so on, till the whole piece has been printed with the red i 

 When dried, the paper goes through the same process a Msond time, 

 with the substitution of a different colour and a dillerent block U.--M 

 those before used. A third process with the other shade of green 

 finishes the printing. Each block is furnished with small pins at the 

 comers, by the aid of which the successive impressions are made to 

 correspond properly. Numerous colours are sometimes employed in 

 one pattern, and generally speaking there must be as many blocks as 

 there are colours. 



Such is the hand-method, very largely adopted. This manufacture, 

 however, has shared in many of the advantages t 

 ingenuity has conferred upon letter-press printing, by the adoption of 

 the cylinder. About the year 1840, Messrs. Potter, of Danveii, intro- 

 duced machine-printing into the trade. By means of st 

 artificial drying, and an endless roll of paper, they were enabled to 



patterns with good effect for paper-hangings, by w 

 printing in different colours. Year by year has this art improved, 

 until at length some of the patterns are produced by as many as four- 

 teen cylinders, each printing one particular colour. This number of 

 colours has even been increased to twenty, by a peculiar management 

 of the cylinders. The machines can now print '2(1,00(1 yards in a day 

 each, if simple in device and colours. The immense extension of the 

 paper-hanging manufacture within the last few years, and tin 1 

 of price, are mainly owing to this use of steam poivoi cylinder -pi ; 

 All the best work, however, is still done by hand (as in book-printing 

 and calico-printing). 



Besides the more usual varieties of paper-hangings, there arc 

 special kinds. Some have a glossy or tut in ground. To produ* 

 a ground of satin white, properly tinted, is laid on: this ground is 

 then rubbed with powdered French chalk worked by means of a bruli, 

 until a gloss is produced. After this the printing proceeds as usual. 



