TARGET; 



run \N 



if 





UM persons 

 irreligious ai 



irrettgioua and immonl principlea and acting on them. V 

 WeUesUy ws* also restrained br a lik order from removing 1 

 from UM am and oostody of their aunts, on the ground of I 



luet is such a., in the opinion of UM court, endangers the 

 he children. Percy Byemhe Shelley was, among other thing-, 

 by an order of theeovrtof chancery from taking noesesaionof 

 e of his intent children, on UM ground of his profeeting 



W. p. T. 1. 

 rhjceUUna 



t his immoral 



cooduct, aod directiuo* irere given by the court" for the custody and 

 dilation of UM children. But. except in such case* a* these, the 

 children cannot be taken from th care of the father and given into 

 UM custody of the mother or any other person. 



Under Talfourd't act (J ft 3 Viet., c. 54) a mother may obtain access 

 to her 1*M which is in the sole custody of the father, or of any perxou 

 by hi* authority, or of any guardian after the death of the father. 

 rabiect to such regulation, as the court of chancery may think con- 

 venient and just ; and if such child .hall be within the age of seven 

 yean, the court may order the child to be delivered into the custody 

 of UM mother until the child attains the age of seven years. But no 

 mother is to have the benefit of the act against whom adultery has 

 been established by judgment in an action at law, or by the sentence 

 of an ecclesiastical court. 



A child who is under the parental power owe* obedience to his parent, 

 which the parent may enforce by his superior strength, providi-d I,.- 

 uses it with moderation. He may beat his child and restrain his liberty, 

 but not in such a way as to injure his health A child is legally 

 bound to maintain his indigent father and grandfather, mother and 

 grandmother, if he is able ; the penalty in case of refusal is 20<. per 



:.. : :. 



The paternal power (patria potestas) among the Romans was a peculiar 

 feature in their institutions. It was founded on a legal marriage, or on 

 a le,il adoption : the children of such marriage and such adopted 

 children were in the power of the father ; the mother had no power 

 over them. It followed from the principle of the patria potestas, which 

 involved a right of property, that the children of a son, not emancipated, 

 were also in the power of their grandfather. By the death of the grand- 

 father the son became mi jurit, and his children aud grandchildren fell 

 into his power. This patria potestas could be dissolved by EMANCI- 

 PATION Originally the father's power was absolute over the child, 

 who had no independent political existence, at least as a member of 

 his father's family. He was a Roman citizen, but at home he was 

 subject to the domestic tribunal. Within the family the father hod a 

 power of life and death, and could sell the son as a res mancipi, either 

 by way of punishment, or by way of dissolving the family connection, 

 f KVANCIPATIO.X.] The father also originally possessed the jus noxac 

 daodi with respect to his son as well as a slave, a power which was a 

 consequence of the principle of the father being answerable for the 

 delicts of his son, and continued so long as that principle was in full 

 vigour. The son who wai in the power of his father could acquire no 

 property for himself ; all his acquisitions, like those of a slave, belonged 

 to his father ; but at the death of the father they might become his 

 own property, a circumstance which distinguished the acquisitions of 

 a son from those of a slave. The father could marry his children, 

 divorce them, give them in adoption, and emancipate them at 

 pleasure. 



The strict notion of the patria potestas lies at the foundation of the 

 Roman polity. Like other institutions, however, which in the early 

 history of a state form its essential elements, the strict character of the 

 patria potestas became gradually relaxed and greatly changed. The 

 history of such changes is lort of the history of Rome. 



The patria potostas might be dissolved in other ways besides those 

 mentioned. If a father or son lost his citizenship, the relation between 

 , for this relationship could only exist between Roman 

 If father or son was made a prisoner by an enemy, the 

 relation was in abeyance (in suspense), but was not extinct If the 

 son attained certain high offices in the state, either civil or religious, 

 the patria potestas was thereupon dissolved. 



(Gains, i. 65, 97, 127. &c. ; MarezoU, IMucli drr fnilit. tin 

 Rtm. JMUtt, 1839 ; Savigny, SyiUm det hettligm R6m. Rcchtt, 1840.) 



PARGETING, or PAROE- WORK, the old English term for plaster- 

 work in building. It is now chiefly applied to the ornamental plaster- 

 Wurk, mostly of patterns moulded in relief, of which characteristic 

 examples are seen on the fronts of houses of the reigns of Elizabeth and 

 James I., some of which are very picturesque. By workmen the term 

 is used in the present day for the plastering of the sides of chimney 

 places and other coarse work. 



PAKHE'LlUN da i, by the side of , IfAiot, the sun), a name given to 

 the mock suns, as they have been called, which sometimes appear near 

 the nun ; being, as is supposed, images of the latter formed by reflec 

 tioa from a cloud. 



1 A 111 AN CHRONICLE is the name given to a block of marble 

 preserved at Oxford, which contained in it* perfect state a chronological 

 account of the principal event* in Greek history during a period of 

 1318 yean, beginning with Cecrop*, B.C. 1582, and ending with tin 

 arcboiuhip of Diognetos, at Athens, B.C. 264. The chronicle of the 

 last ninety yean was however lost, so that the part which now remains 

 ends at the archoiubip of Diotimu*, B.C. 854. This chronicle was 

 purchased at Smyrna, together with several other relics of antiquity 

 I-T Mr. Willlnm FVHr. who was employed l>y the Earl of Arundel, in 



the year 1624, for the purpose of making collection* for him of ancient 



works of art in Greece, Asia Minor, and the islands of the Archipelago. 



Oaasimdi atatea in his 1 Life of Peiresc ' (lib. iv., ed. of 162'J), who was 



counsellor in the parliament of Provence, and a munificent patron of 



art* aod learning, that the Parian Chronicle was first discover' 



means of Peiresc, and was purchased for him by one Sampson, his 



agent at Smyrna, for fifty pieces of gold, but that when it was ready 



o be sent on board, Sampson was thrown into prison, and that the 



lu was afterwards purchased for Lord Arundel, by Mr. IVtty. 



at a much higher price. Dr. Hales, in his ' Analysis of Chronology ' 



vol. i. p. 103, 8vo. edition), brings forward several reasons to show the 



in|irkil>ility of this account ; but however this may be, the Chronicle 



eached London in 1627, and was examined, at the suggestion of Sir 



{obert Cotton, with great care by the learned Selden, in conjmi.-ti.m 



vith Patrick Young, librarian to James I. and Charles I., and Richard 



'amee, Fellow of Corpus Christ! College, Oxford. " Many of tho 



characters," says Selden, " were entirely obliterated, and many nearly 



o ; nevertheless, by the assistance of glasses, and the critical sagacity 



of my very kind friend Patrick Young, after a great many repeated 



riaU, I have restored them as well as I could." The Chronicle was 



published by Selden, together with other inscriptions which were 



irought to England by Mr. Petty in the following year (1G2S), under 



.he title of ' Marmora Arundelliana.' 



During the civil war in the reign of Charles I., the Earl of Arundel 

 removed to Antwerp, and many of the marbles, which were deposited 

 n the gardens of Aruudel House, were defaced and broken, or used to 

 repair the house. The latter was the fate of the Parian Chronicle ; 

 he upper part of it, containing at least half the inscription, is said to 

 lave been worked up in repairing a chimney at Arundel House ; but 

 'ortunately a copy of it was preserved in Selden's work. 



In 1667 the Hon. Henry Howard, grandson of the Earl of Arundel 

 who obtained the Chronicle from Greece, presented it to the University 

 of Oxford, where it is preserved, together with other antiquities 

 collected by the Earl of Arundel, in a room adjoining to the public 

 schools, called the Musicum Arundelianum. The Chronicle was puli- 

 isbed again in Prideaux's ' Marmora Oxonienaia,' fol. 1676, which was 

 reprinted in 1732, under the core of Michael Maittaire, and again in 

 1791, Oxford, under the care of W. Roberta. In Chandler's ' Marmora 

 Oxoniensia,' which waa published in 1763, great pains were bestowed 

 upon the Parian Chronicle, and many parts in which the inscription 

 was defaced were supplied by conjectures, which are frequently \e.y 

 ngenious aud probable. It hag also been published, with an English 

 translation, in the works of Robertson, Hewlett, and Hales, which are 

 mentioned in the course of this article. 



The authenticity and antiquity of this Chronicle was never called 

 in question till the latter end of the last century, when a work was 

 published by the Rev. J. Robertson under the title of ' The Parian 

 Chronicle, or the Chronicle of the Arundelian Marbles, with a Disser- 

 tation concerning it Authenticity,' London, 17*8, in which it is 

 maintained to be a fabrication of modern times. The principal objec- 

 tions brought forward by Robertson are : 1. That the characters have 

 no certain or unequivocal marks of antiquity. 2. It is not probable 

 that the Chronicle was engraved for private use. 3. It does not appear 

 to have been engraved by public authority. 4. The Greek and Roman 

 writers for a long time after the date of this Chronicle complain that 

 they had no chronological account of the affairs of ancient Greece. 



5. This Chronicle is not once mentioned by any writer of antiquity. 



6. Some of the facts seem to be taken from authors of a later date. 



7. Parachronisms appear in some of the epochas, which we can hardly 

 suppose a Greek chronologcr in the 129th Olympiad would be likely 

 to commit, &c. 



The objections of Robertson were replied to by Mr. Hewlett, in a 

 work entitled 'A Vindication of the Authenticity of the Parian 

 Chronicle,' London, 1789 : by Mr. Gough, in the ninth volume of tho 

 ' Archaeologia ; ' and by Porson, in the ' Monthly Review,' in 1789. 

 His objections have been more recently noticed in the first volume of 

 Hiiles's ' Chronology ; ' and the whole subject has been investigated 

 with great accuracy by Bb'ckh, in tho second volume of his ' Corpus 

 Inscriptiommi.' The authenticity of the Chronicle has been also 

 vindicated by Wagner, Gott., 1790, 8vo. The result of these inquiries 

 can leave little doubt respecting the authenticity and antiquity of the 

 Chronicle ; and the subsequent silence of classical writers respecting 

 it, which is perhaps the strongest argument against its antiquity, 

 maybe accounted for, as Dr. Hales has remarked, by the n-iiivl 

 and insular situation of Paros. It is written in pure and classical 

 Greek ; the characters bear several marks of antiquity ; and none 

 of the passages adduced by Robertson to prove that ports of it 

 were taken from writers of a later date are sufficient to establish the 

 fact. 



The marble on which the Chronicle was engraved was five inches 

 thick, and measured, when Scldcn viewed it, 3 feet 7 inches by l j f.-rt, 

 7 inches ; but one corner had been broken off. It contained at that 

 time 1)3 lines, reckoning the imperfect ones, and might originally 

 perhaps have contained a hundred. Upon an average the lines consist 

 <>f l:!u letters, all capitals, in close continuation, and unbroken into 

 words. The events which it records are not so much those which 

 relate to the history of the different states of Greece, but rather such 

 as iwrvc to illustrate the history of the civilisation and literature of 



