SI? 



PABOCHIAL REGISTERS. 



PARTICIPLE. 



318 



houaes. In the Irish as well as in the English parliament there was in 

 fact an opportunity of discussing the proposition without the per- 

 mission of the crown. An English as well as an Irish bill required 

 the assent of the crown before it could become law. This view of the 

 matter has scarcely been sufficiently attended to in comparing the cir- 

 cumstances of the two legislatures. The practice of presenting heads 

 of bills however was not introduced into the Irish parliament till after 

 the Revolution. In the reign of Charles II., according to Lord 

 Mountmorres, " the council framed bills altogether ; a negative alone 

 on them and their several provisos was left to parliament; only a 

 general proposition for a bill, by way of address to the lord-lieutenant 

 and council, came from parliament :" that is to say, all that the par- 

 liament was suffered to do was simply to request that some measure 

 might be brought in for effecting a particular object. The object 

 might be specified, but the means by which it was to be attained or 

 attempted, in other words, the details and whole character of the 

 measure, were to be left to the government. With regard to these, 

 the parliament had only the power of accepting or rejecting them in 

 the mat*. 



But the dependence of Ireland upon the English crown, and the 

 consequent subordination of the Irish legislature, were held to go still 

 farther than to the establishment of the principle that laws might be 

 made by the parliament of England to bind Ireland. The Irish 

 House of Lords had entertained writs of error upon judgments in the 

 courts of common law from the reign of Charles I., and appeals in 

 equity from the Restoration. Nevertheless, in the year 1718, a judg- 

 ment in the Court of Exchequer having been reversed by the House 

 of Lords, the question was carried to the House of Lords of Great 

 Britain, by which the judgment of the Court of Exchequer was 

 affirmed. Un this the Irish House of Lords resolved that no appeal 

 lay from the Court of Exchequer in Ireland to the parliament of Great 

 Britain. But this resolution was immediately met by an act of the 

 British parliament, the 5 Ueo. I. c. 1 , declaring that " the king's 

 majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual 

 and temporal of Great Britain in parliament assembled, had, hath, and 

 of right ought to have full power and authority to make laws and 

 statutes of sufficient force and validity to bind the people and the 

 kingdom of Ireland ; and that the House of Lords of Ireland have not 

 nor of right ought to have any jurisdiction to judge of, reverse, or 

 affirm any judgment, sentence, or decree given or made in any court 

 within the said kingdom ; and that all proceedings before the said 

 House of Lords upon any such judgment, sentence, or decree are 

 and are hereby declared to be utterly null and void to all intents and 

 purposes whatsoever." 



In this state the law remained till the year 1782. In that year the 

 statute 5 Geo. I. c. 1, was repealed by the 22 Geo. III. c. 3 ; and the 

 following year the 23 Geo. 1 1 1. c. 28, declared the exclusive right and 

 authority of the Irish parliament and court* of justice in all matters 

 nlation and judicature for Ireland. Finally, in 1800, by the Act 

 of Union, the 89 ft 40 Geo. III. c. 67, the Irish parliament was 

 extinguished, and it was enacted that the United Kingdom should be 

 represented in one and the same parliament, to be called the parliament 

 of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 



The earliest Irish statutes on record are of the year 1310 ; but from 

 that date there arc none till the year 1429, from which time there is 

 a regular series. The whole have been printed, and there are also 

 abridgments by Bullingbroke and Belcher, Hunt, and others. 



(Wakctield's Account of Inland ; Hallam's (Jvmtitntiunal Uittory of 



I'AKoi lUAL REGISTERS. [IlEOiaTRATio* OF BIRTHS, Ac.] 



PARODY (from the Greek faf^Sla, and that from ySJ), an ode). A 

 parody is a pleasantry, which consist* in turning what is intended aa a 

 serious composition into ridicule, by adapting it to some new purpose, 

 or by the affected imitation of its peculiarities. It had its origin among 

 the Greeks, from whose language the name is derived. It seems to be 

 synonymous with the French traratir. Its most common form is that 

 in which a performance, while it* principal features are retained, is, by 

 a slight change, diverted from its proper design, and made to bear a 

 ludicrous signification. Sometimes the alteration of a single word, or 

 even a single letter, i sufficient for the accomplishment of this. 

 Another form of parody is that in which, without any change in the 

 original, it receives a ludicrous character by it* application to some 

 object quite foreign to the original intention of the author. A third 

 kind consists in choosing a mean and ridiculous subject, and treating 

 it in the style and manner of approved writers ; and a fourth, in 

 exemplifying, in the illustration of any subject, the defects and 

 absurdities of writers held in little esteem. Of the loot two sorts of 

 parody, more successful specimens will scarcely be found anywhere 

 than those which occur in the work entitled ' Rejected Addresses.' 

 The rules of parody have respect to the choice of the subject and the 

 mode of handling it. It is necessary that the subject should be 

 celebrated, or at least well known, and that in treating it there should 

 be no departure from the requirements of good humour. 



The term parody is also employed in music, and in given by the 

 'i writers to those pieces in which the words have been composed 

 f"i the music and not the music for the words. 



PAROL. This term, which signifies " a word," has been adopted 

 from the Norman-French as a term of art in English law, to denote 



verbal or oral proceedings, as distinguished from matters which have 

 been recorded in public tribunals or otherwise reduced to writing. 

 Thus a parol contract is an agreement by word of mouth, as opposed 

 to a contract by deed. Parol evidence is the teatimony of witnesses 

 given orally, as opposed to records or written instruments. This is 

 the popular acceptation of parol ; but, strictly speaking, everything, 

 even in writing, is parol which is not under seal. 



The formal allegations of the parties to a suit in the common law 

 courts, called pleadings, which are now made in writing, were formerly 

 conducted orally at the bar, and in the year-books are commonly 

 denominated the parol. Hence in certain actions brought by or against 

 an infant, either party may suggest the fact of the infancy, and pray 

 that the proceedings may be stayed ; and where such a suggestion was 

 complied with, the technical phrase was that the Parol demurred 

 (demoratus), that is, the pleadings were suspended until the infant had 

 attained his full age. 



PAROLE, the countersign, the pass word, or watch- word, given to 

 guards and sentries in camp and garrison, and demanded by them 

 of all who approach their posts, and on giving which alone they permit 

 them to pass ; also the promise, on honour, to reappear when called 

 upon, given by a prisoner of war when allowed to go at large. 



PARSLEY. The garden parsley (Petroseltnum sativum) is a hardy 

 biennial, a native of Sardinia, introduced into this country about the 

 middle of the 16th century. There are three varieties, two of which 

 are well known, and commonly used as pot-herbs, and for garnishing, 

 namely : the common or plain-leaved ; the curled ; and the Hvmbuty, 

 large or carrot-rooted, which last is cultivated only for its roots, 

 occasionally used as young carrots. The curled variety is by far the 

 most useful, and from its beautiful curled foliage it cannot be mistaken 

 for the jfftttuta Cynapiitm, or fool's parsley, a poisonous plant some- 

 what resembling the plain-leaved parsley. [yEi'HUSA, in NAT. HIST. 

 Div.] 



The cultivation is simply that of sowing, usually in spring, in 

 shallow drills about a foot apart ; or in single rows along the borders 

 of a kitchen-garden. The Hamburg requires to be sown in light and 

 moist soil, such as would suit the carrot, like which it requires in all 

 respects to be treated. 



PARSNIP. The cultivated parsnip (Pastinaca saliva) is a native of 

 England, and ranks amongst the hardiest of kitchen-garden produc- 

 tions, as is proved by the fact of its having withstood the intense frost 

 of 1888, hi the open ground. There are four varieties, namely, the 

 Common, Ouernify, Hollow-croimed, and Round or Turnip-rooted. The 

 Hollow-crowned has been found the best. The mode of culture is very 

 simple. The soil ought to be deep and rather light, but by no means 

 adhesive ; and it should be trenched to the depth of at least two feet. 

 In order that the roots may be clean and sound, fresh manure should 

 not be applied ; indeed if the soil be in tolerably good condition, no 

 manure is required ; and on the contrary, if it be poor, a more liberal 

 supply should be given in the previous season, so that any immediate 

 application along with the parsnip crop is not requisite. 



The seed should be sown in March, and as early in that month as 

 the weather and state of the soil will permit, in shallow drills eighteen 

 inches apart, the plants being afterwards thinned to from 8 inches to 

 a foot asunder in the rows. The roots are not in perfection for 

 culinary purposes till their first season's growth is completed, which is 

 indicated by the decay of the greater part of the leaves. 



Some may be then taken up, their tops cut off, but not too closely, 

 and the roots stored in sand in a cool place, so as to guard against the 

 stimuli of light and heat as much as possible. This precaution of 

 storing in the early part of whiter is only necessary in case of frost 

 becoming so severe as to render the operation of removal difficult ; 

 but the whole of the crop should be taken out of the ground before 

 vegetation recommences in the spring, and treated as above. 



Besides the use of the roots for the kitchen, a wine is sometimes 

 prepared from them. Abounding in saccharine matter, they afford by 

 distillation an ardent spirit, the process of fermentation being facili- 

 tated by the addition of a small portion of malt liquor. 



The large Guernsey parsnip will yield under good cultivation 10 or 

 12 tons per acre of a most nutritive food for cows and pigs, for which 

 the roots should be steamed or boiled. 



PARSON. [BEHEFIOE.] 



PARTHENON. [ATHENS, in GEOO. Div.] 



PARTICIPLE (in Grammar), the name of one of the parts of 

 speech into which grammarians have distributed the words of a 

 language. The word " participle" comes from the Latin word " purti- 

 cipium," which is formed on the same analogy as " mancipium" and 

 " principium," and meaus literally " part-taking." It is said, according 

 to the old grammarians, to have obtained this name in consequence of 

 its partaking of the nature both of the verb and the noun. Home 

 Tooke defines a participle to be a " verb adjective," which is perhaps as 

 good a definition as can be given. 



The English language has only two participles, which are usually 

 called present and past. The present participle in ing, is a corruption 

 of a fuller form which had a prefixed a ; and this a was in truth an 

 abbreviation of the old preposition an, signifying in or on. Thus, " he 

 was a-walking" contains the same element as " he was a-bed ;" and the 

 word walking is merely one of the familiar substantives in ing. The 

 Keltic languages form their participle in a way precisely similar ; and 



