PATTERNS. 



PAWNBROKERS. 



838 



the family of .Emilius, &c. In English, though not very correctly, 

 the surname is often styled the patronymic. 



PATTERNS. Connected with the subject of patents ia the copy- 

 right of designs. By recent Acts of Parliament (5 & 6 Viet. c. 100; 

 6 & 7 Viet. c. 65 ; and 13 & 14 Viet. c. 104 known respectively as 

 "The Designs Act, 1842;" "The Designs Act, 1843;" and "The 

 Designs Act, 1850"), the inventor, or purchaser, or proprietor of any 

 new design for ornamenting any article of manufacture of a useful 

 character in respect of the pattern, or the shape, or the external 

 appearance, may register such design, and thereby secure the sole 

 right of applying it for a period of three years, subject to extension 

 at the discretion of the Board of Trade. 



Provision is contained in the later Act for provisional registration 

 for one year. 



The person intending to register must take or send to the office of 

 the Registry of Designs, 1, Whitehall, two copies or drawings of his 

 design ; one of which will be Sled by the registrar, and the other 

 returned to the party registering, with a certificate, which certificate 

 is made evidence of registration. 



Every article manufactured according to such design must have 

 thereon the number of the design in the register, and the date of the 

 registration. 



Any person pirating a design thus protected is liable to a penalty of 

 from 51. to 307. for each offence, which may be recovered by an action 

 at law, or by summary proceeding before two magistrates. 



Registered designs may be transferred from one person to another, 

 in which case the latter ia entitled to be registered as the proprietor. 

 Printed forms of such transfers are supplied at the office. 



The commissioners of the Treasury have power to fix the fees 

 payable upon registrations, transfers, &c. These fees are of very mode- 

 rate amount. 



PAUPERISM. [POOR LAWS.] 



PAUSE. [ORATORY ; PCNOTUATIOX.] 



PAVEMENT. [ROADS.] 



PAVIIN. A crystallisable substance found by Professor Stokes in 

 the bark of the horse-chestnut. It Is remarkable for exhibiting a 

 beautiful bluish-green fluorescence when placed in violet light. It is 

 supposed to be identical with fraxin. 



PAVING. [ROADS.] 



: " PAVO (the Peacock), a constellation of Bayer, which occupies a part 

 of the space situated between Sagittarius and the South Pole. Its 

 principal stars are as follows : 



Character. 



(None In No. in Catalogue 

 Bayer.) of Lacaillc. 



1526 



< 1615 



6 1635 



No. In Catalogue 



of British 



Association. 



6315 



6801 



6873 



Magnitude. 

 4 

 4 

 4 



PAWN. [PLEDGE.] 



PAWNBROKERS. All persons who receive good* by way of pawn 

 or pledge for the repayment of money lent thereon at a higher rate of 

 interest than five per cent, per annum, are pawnbrokers. The 

 character of the individual to whom the money is lent is scarcely a 

 subject of consideration with the lender; he maybe satisfied, if hu 

 believe that the articles pledged are not stolen or come by in an 

 unlawful manner. 



Pawning differs from other ways of lending and borrowing money in 

 this, that the goods of the borrower are delivered to the lender as a 

 security. [PLEDGE.] Otherwise, when the lender has confidence in 

 the integrity and solvency of the borrower, he is often satisfied with a 

 written engagement from the borrower, and if it should be required, 

 with the additional engagement of some other person. When further 

 security is required by the lender, it may be land, or shares in a ship, 

 or it may be something which is not in its nature capable of immediate 

 tradition, as the future benefit to accrue from a policy of insurance; 

 but all these kinds of security are different from that given in pawning, 

 and are treated under the articles MORTGAGE and SHIPS. 



The business of lending money on pledges ia in many countries 

 carried on under the immediate control of the government as a branch 

 of the public administration ; and where only private individuals 

 in it, as in this country, it is placed under regulations. Thus 

 in ('liin.i, wln-iv | awnbrokers are very numerous, Sir J. F. Davis, in his 

 work on the ' Chinese-,' says ' they are under strict regulations, and 

 any one acting without a licence is liable to severe punishment. The 

 usual period allowed for the redumption of the pawned goods is three 

 years. The highest legal rate of interest on deposits is three per cent, 

 per month ; but in the winter months the money advanced on wearing 

 apparel may not exceed two per cent., on the alleged ground that poor 

 persons may be able the more easily to redeem." 



During the existence of the Usury Laws in this country, which fixed 

 the maximum legal rate of interest at five per cent, per annum, a 

 higher rate was nevertheless chargeable by pawnbrokers under the 

 section of the 39 4 40 Geo. 3, c. 99, an act which is still in force, and 

 which regulates the various rates of interest on goods or chattels 

 pawned according to the following scale : 



For every pledge upon which there bliall have been lent any sum 



ABTS AUD SCI. PIV. VOL. VI. 



not exceeding 2s. 6d., the sum of d., for any time during which the 

 said pledge shall remain in pawn not exceeding one calendar month, 

 and the same for every calendar month afterwards, including the 

 current month in which such pledge shall be redeemed, although such 

 month shall not be expired. If there shall have been lent the sum of 

 os., one penny; 1. 6d., one penny halfpenny; 10s., two-pence; 

 12.t. 6d., two-pence halfpenny ; 15s., three-pence; 17s. 6d., three-pence 

 halfpenny ; 20s., four-pence ; and so on progressively and in proportion 

 for any sum not exceeding forty shillings ; but if exceeding 40. and 

 not exceeding 42s., eight-pence ; if exceeding 42s., and not exceeding 

 101., after the rate of three-pence for every 20s., by the calendar 

 month, including the current month, and so on in proportion for any 

 fractional sum. Parties may redeem goods within seven days after the 

 expiration of the first calendar month without paying interest for the 

 extra seven days ; or within fourteen days on paying for one month 

 and a half; after which time interest is charged for two calendar 

 months. But in case the interest has accumulated throughout a 

 series of months, the pawnbroker is not entitled to calculate it for 

 a single month, taking advantage of an indivisible fraction, and 

 then multiply the result by the number of months. The calcula- 

 tion in the first instance should be for the whole time at the rate 

 allowed by law so as to avoid the injustice done the pawnor by the 

 other method. 



Pawnbrokers are required by the Act to keep books in which all 

 goods taken in pledge must be entered and described, the sum advanced 

 upon them, and the name and abode of the pledger, and whether he is 

 a housekeeper or a lodger. They make out at the time two memoranda 

 of these particulars, one of which is given to the pledger. For this dupli- 

 cate, when under 10*., one halfpenny is charged ; 10s. and under 20*., 

 one penny ; 11. and under 51., twopence ; 51. and upwards, fourpence. 

 Articles pledged for sums above 5s. must be entered in the pawn- 

 broker's books within four hours ; and those 011 which 10s. or upwards 

 have been advanced must be entered in a separate book and numbered, 

 the first entry in each month commencing No. 1. The number and 

 description of the pledge in the books aud on the duplicate correspond 

 with each other. Articles cannot be taken out of pawn without the 

 production of the duplicate, the holder of which is presumed to be the 

 owner ; but the original pawnor has a perfect right to sell the 

 duplicate, and the pawnbroker is obliged to deliver the goods to the 

 purchaser on the production of the duplicate with the principal and 

 interest due on the pledge. If a duplicate be lost or stolen, the pawn- 

 broker is required to give a copy of it to the party representing 

 himself as the owner of the articles pledged, with a blank form of 

 affidavit, which must be filled up with a statement of the circum- 

 stances under which the original duplicate was lost, and sworn before a 

 magistrate. For this second duplicate the pawnbroker is entitled to 

 demand one halfpenny, if the sum advanced does not exceed 5*. ; 

 from 5*. to 10*., one penny ; and afterwards in the same proportion as 

 for the original duplicate. 



The penalty against unlawfully pawning goods the property of others 

 is between 20s. and 5/., besides the full value of the goods pledged; 

 and in default of payment, the offeuding party may be committed for 

 three months' imprisonment and hard labour. Persons forging or 

 counterfeiting duplicates, or not being able to give a good account of 

 themselves on offering to pawn goods, are liable to imprisonment for 

 any period not exceeding three months. Pawnbrokers or other persons 

 buying or taking in pledge unfinished goods, linen, or apparel entrusted 

 to others to wash or mend, are to forfeit double the sum advanced and 

 to restore the goods. The Act empowers police-officers to search 

 pawnbrokers' houses or warehouses when suspected to contain 

 unfinished goods unlawfully pledged, and goods unlawfully pawned 

 must be restored to the owner by the pawnbroker. Goods that have 

 been stolen and pawned may be ordered by the judge or magistrate 

 before whom the thief is convicted to be restored to the real owner ; 

 and without proceedings against the thief they may be recovered by 

 the owner in an action at law against the pawnbroker. 



All pawned goods are deemed forfeited at the end of one year. If 

 redeemed, the pawnbroker must endorse on his duplicate the charge 

 for interest, and keep it in his possession for one year. Articles on 

 which sums have been advanced of 10*. and not exceeding 101., if not 

 redeemed, must be sold by auction, after being exposed to public view 

 and at least two days' notice having been given of the sale. The 

 catalogue of sale must contain the name and abode of the pawnbroker, 

 the month the goods were received, and their number as entered in 

 the books and on the duplicate. Pictures, prints, books, bronzes, 

 statues, busts, carvings in ivory and marble, cameos, intaglios, musical, 

 mathematical, and philosophical instruments, and china, must be sold 

 separate from other goods, on the first Monday in January, April, 

 July, and October in every year. On notice not to sell given in 

 writing, or in the presence of one witness, from persons having goods 

 in pledge, three months further are allowed beyond the year for 

 redemption; and if the owner tender principal and interest and 

 demand delivery of the goods any time before sale, the pawnbroker is 

 not afterwards entitled to sell them. But in the fact of selling unre- 

 deemed pledges there is no further warranty implied by law on the 

 part of the pawnbroker than that the goods are unredeemed pledges, 

 aud that he is not cognisant of any defect of title attaching to them. 

 An account of sales of pledges above 10*. must be entered in a book 



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