;; A- L 1 



Ml 



in the action, judgment entered up lor the penalty, l.nt 

 lion fcue only lor the damages aansatJ by the jury upon the 



inu ur agrrvuirnu ooDtunetl in toe same insiruinvni, aon pro 

 I by the name penalty. And now there U little if any difference 

 en the practice of the court* of common law and equity upon 

 ibject of penalties [Boxo; DAMAOES,] 



stated and proved, the judgment remaining as a security 

 against future breaches of the same covenant or agreement, or of other 

 eorenanta or agreements contained in the same instrument, and pro- 

 tected 

 between' 

 the subject . .._..._. 



PKNASCK (in Latin, Pimilentia) is a censure or punishment, 

 enjoined by the ecclesiastical law, for the purgation or correction of 

 the soul of an offender, in consequence of some crime of spiritual 

 cognisance committed by him. Thus a person convicted of adultery 

 or incest w* adjudged to do |x-n.ince in the church or market, bare- 

 legged and bare-headed, in a white sheet, and was required to moke a 

 public confession of his crime, and to express his contrition in a pre- 

 scribed form of words. After a judgment of penance has been pro- 

 nounced, the ecclesiastical courts may, upon application by the party, 

 take off the |>enance, and exchange the spiritual censures for a sum of 

 money to be |*kl and applied to pious uses. This exchange is called a 

 commutation for penance ; and the money agreed or eujoined to be 

 1-ii-l upon such a commutation may be sued for in the ecclesiastical 

 court. 



The petite forte el dare imposed upon a person who stands mute on 

 bis trial at the common law is often inaccurately termed penance. 

 | Pi I.M: KiiiiTi: ET Driin.] 



1'KNATK.S were lloman deities who were supposed to preside over 

 families and houses. Cicero (' De Nat. Deor.,' ii. 27) derives the w oi .1 

 either from jmta, " food," or pcuitua, "innermost;" but it apjiearx 

 probable that the latter etymology is the more correct. We learn 

 from Festus (/'<*) that the inner jart of the temple of Vesta was 

 called Penus, which seems to be connected with pcnata, pcnelrait, and 

 penetralia. The hearth of the atrium was sacred to the Penates; and 

 as this place was the innermost or most important port of the house, it 

 was called the Penetralia. There appears sometimes to have been a 

 kind of recess in the wall, called tacrarium, in which the images of the 

 Penates were kept (Cic. in ' Verr.,' iv. 2 ; ' Dig.,' i., tit. 8,s. 8.) A 

 fire was always kept burning on the hearth sacred to the penates; a 

 salt-cellar dedicated to them was placed on the dinner-table, and the 

 meal concluded with a libation to them. Every master of a family 

 was the priest to the Penates of his own house. 



It is a matter of some difficulty to determine who the Penates were ; 

 but there is no reason for believing that they were the some in every 

 family. Some writers have thought the Lares and Penates to be the 

 same, and it would appear that the Lares were included among the 

 Penates. The Lares however were of human origin, and appear to 

 have been regarded by the Romans as the manes of their ancestors 

 [LARES] ; while among the Penates we find mention of the superior 

 gods, as Vesta, Jupiter, and Juno. (Festus, s. v. ' Herceus.') 



There were also public Penates, who were supposed to have been 

 brought by .-Eneas from Troy. They were represented aa two young 

 men with spears in their hands, and the temple or chapel in which 

 they were worshipped was in the centre of the city, not far from the 

 temple of Vesta. (Dionys., i. 68 ; Cio., ' De Nat. Deor.,' ii. 27 ; Liv., 

 xlv. 16.) 



(Hartung, Die Religion der liSmcr ; Klausen, jSneas mtd die Penaten ; 

 Barker, Lam and Penalet.) 



PKNCIL, the name given to the small brushes used by artists, 

 whether made of hog's bristles, camel hair, fitch, or sable. The larger 

 brushes are sometimes set in a tin tube, and the smaller in quills of 

 different sizes. The soft pencils for artists are made as follows : The 

 tail of the animal (sable, badger, marten, &c.) is scoured in a solution 

 of alum ; then steeped lor several hours in hike-warm water; then 

 dried in linen cloths ; and finally combed out regularly. The hairs are 

 seized with pincers, and cut off near the skin ; and the little parcels of 

 hair are sorted into groups according to their length. A few hairs are 

 then taken, enough for one pencil, and placed in a little receptacle 

 which hfiliU them while a thread is bound round near the roots. The 

 base of the |>encil is then trimmed flat by scissors. The hairs thus 

 prepared are fitted either into quills or into tin tubes. The quills .ire 

 those of swans, geese, ducks, lapwings, pigeons, or larks, according to 

 the size of the pencil. Each quill is softened and swelled in hot water, 

 and the bunch of hairs is introduced at the larger end, and pulled forward 

 by a simple appiratiu to the smaller end, where the shrinking of the 

 quill binds the hairs closely. The great art in pencil-making is so to 

 arrange the hairs that their ends may be made to converge to a fine 

 point when moistened and drawn between the lips ; and it is said that 

 females are more successful than men in prc]iaring the small and 

 delicate pencils. 



The well-known Mark-lead pencil is made by cutting " Cumberland 

 lead," or plumbago, into thin plates with a saw, and again into strips 

 wide as the plate is thick. These strips are then hud in a groove in 

 a piece of cedar, upon which is glued another and thinner piece : the 

 whole is afterwards rounded by a plane adapted to that purpose. 

 Pencils are commonly marked with certain letters to denote the quality 

 oi the lead, as H for bard, B for black, M for medium, and so on. 

 Successful attempts have been made t-> use black-lead powder, mixed 

 with other substances, as a composition for pencils ; it is not suitable 

 for fine artistic purposes, but is available for common use. 



Other pencils are made of block and coloured chalks for drawing, 

 and are much more convenient than the port-crayon. Several recent 

 kinds are described under CIIATONU. 



The ever-pointed jwucil ia an instrument to simple and so well known 

 aa to require little description. The point, or nozzle, is made hollow 

 to receive a small cylindrical piece of black lead, about three-quarters 

 of an inch long, which cannot pasi through the lower end without 

 some little force. Within the case is a screw or worm, which, if t he 

 case be turned round with one hand while the point of the pencil U 

 held by the other, causes a wire or mandril, about the same size aa 

 the lead, to advance or retire. When a fresh lead is put iuto tin- 

 point, the case must be turned round toward* the left until il, 

 ilril is drawn up as far aa possible. The point containing the lead is 

 then to be screwed on to the case, and the case being turned gently to 

 the right hand, the lead must be forced forward until it can just be 

 seen at the point. These leads are made of different degrees and sizes, 

 and the cases are marked accordingly. The leads are manufactured 

 in the following manner : After the plumbago is cut into square 

 strips of the same diameter as, or a little greater than, the lead 

 required, they are passed successively through three ruby holes, each 

 smaller than the preceding. By this means they are rendered perfectly 

 round and smooth, so as to offer no impediment to the working 

 pencil. Most cases are made with a reservoir at the top, in which a 

 supply of five or six leads may be carried. 



( nsiderable ingenuity baa been displayed within the last few yearn 

 in the production of these ever-pointed pencils. In some, the 

 rixl of block lead is moved backwards and forwards by the action of a 

 screw, as just described ; in some, by a slide ; and in others, by ] r- 

 cussion. One sort is made of vulcanised India-rubber, with the cud 

 having such a nicely adjusted diameter as just to hold the lead steadily, 

 and yet allow it to be moved by a slight percussion. Some of the best 

 acting ever-pointed pencils ore now saleable retail at sixpence each, 

 while one particular kind is manufactured to sell retail at so low a 

 price as twopence. 



PENCIL, a term of optics, and sometimes of geometry. A pencil of 

 rays is a collection of rays which converge to or diverge from the same 

 point; and a pencil of lines is a number of Hues which meet in one 

 point. 



I'KNDKXT, or T'KXllAXT, in Pointed Gothic architecture, an 

 ornamental mass of stone, hanging down or descending from the 

 intersections of a groined vaulting. Pendents, no doubt, uri^inateil in 

 bosses, of which they may be considered an enlargement, and may be 

 described as being of a corbel or bracket shape. They are in England 

 almost peculiar to the Tlu'rd Pointed or Perpendicular and the cognate 

 domestic or collegiate style, in roofs of fan-work tracery, of which they 

 are highly beautiful features, admitting of great variety of design. 

 The roofs of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, St. George's, Windsor, 

 Henry VII's Chapel, and the Divinity School, Oxford, are fine examples 

 of the effect of pendents. Carved pendents of a different kind 

 were frequently employed for the enrichment of open timber-roofs, 

 but are not similarly applied, being suspended, not from the ecu 

 the roof, but at the extremities of the hammer-beams, from which the 

 ribs of wood-work forming the arches of the roof spring. Of this kiiul 

 is the roof of the hall of Eltham Palace, and several of the halls of 

 colleges at Oxford and Cambridge. 



I'l.NDENTIVE, though often inaccurately used as synonymous 

 with pendent, has quite a different meaning. Strictly speaking, pen- 

 dentives ore the spandrels or triangular spaces between the arches or 

 arch-headed walls, as the case may be, supporting a dome, which is 

 continued down to the springing of such arches; consequently, when- 

 the dome rises from the cornice of a cylinder of the same diameter (as 

 in the Pantheon at Home), there are no pendcntivc<. although there 

 may happen to be arches in the cylindrical or polygonal circumference 

 beneath the cornice. In such case the spandrels, or spaces between 



the arches arc improperly called pendentivcx twithtanding that they 



sometimes are so, pendentives being those portions of the inner surface 

 of a dome where the latter is intersected by vertical planes, whether 

 produced by voids or solids. Pedcntives are of frequent occurrence in 

 liyzantine architecture. In London': the dome of the hall or principal 

 i the London and Westminster bank is a pendentive one. 



I'KXDULUM. Under HOHOLOOY will lie found some details 

 respecting clock and compensated pendulums, together with figures of 

 the yrutinm and mercurial pendulums. We here insert a few miscel- 

 laneous details on the same subject. 



The way in which motion is communicated to a pendulum is there 

 described. It may be added that the clasp of the pendulum by the 

 crutch should neither be very close nor very loose, and the axis of 

 motion of the pendulum should be exactly in the continuation of the 

 arbor of the crutch. The clock-frame itaelf must be firmly fixed, for 

 any shake or looseness of the support of the pendulum w ill alter its 

 time of oscillation : the bob should be heavy, the arc of vibration 

 small ; and when good psrforntanoe is required, the rod should be of 

 deal, well varnished or gilt. Iron-wire mokes the next best rod, and 

 bras* the worst. Whenever a brass rod is used for an ordinary cluck- 

 peniltiliiin, the maker is not master of his craft, or he thinks little of 

 hi/i customer's knowledge. The errors arising from changes of tempe- 

 rature when deal, steel-wire, and brass are used, are as 1, 3, and 5. It 

 must however be remembered, that unless the deal rod pendulum be 



