PHARMACOPOEIA. 



PHENYLIC QEOUP. 



el the elders." to which they attached an importance equal to that of 

 the Mosaic writings ; and it was from a strict adherence to these tra- 

 dition*, as well as from an observance of the punctilio* of the law 

 itself, that they were called Pharisees. Several of these traditions are 

 aaentinvH in the New Testament, but they are only a small portion of 

 the whole. " To go through them all," says Prideaux, " would be to 

 tnoaerib* the Talmud, a book of twelve volumes in folio." 



The Pharisees are represented in the New Testament as a hypo- 

 critical, proud, and arrogant people, pretending to be emphatically 

 ' the separated," trusting to themselves that they alone were righteous, 

 and despising ail other men. This waa their character as a body ; but 

 there were among them individuals free from these bed qualities, such 

 as Nioodemua, Joseph of Ariinattuca. Gamaliel, and. as some think, 

 Simeon, who uttered the hymn called " Nunc dimittis," to whom must 

 be added Josephus, their historian. 



(Joeephua, Antio., xiii. 9, 18 ; xvii S ; xviii. 2 ; Dt Btll. Jd.. u. 7 i 

 Dt rUd w*1 ; Suidss, +*f>i*,> ; Prideaux, Cvmttction ; Jahu, Ucb. Ant., 

 b. ill, o. 1. Sltf-30.) 



rilARMACOPCEIA.a book published by the colleges of physicians 

 with the sanction of guvenuueut, containing directions for the prepa- 

 ration of medicines. 



PH A'KMAC Y, in a comprehensive sense, means the department of 

 natural science which treats of the collection, preparation, and pre- 

 servation of medicines, sod also of the art o ^dispensing them according 

 to the formula) or prescriptions of medical practitioners. It is how- 

 ever more commonly used in a limited sense, as a branch of chemical 

 science, and termed pharmaceutical chemistry, or the application of 

 the laws of chemistry to those substances which are employed for the 

 cur* of rtisisiss, so a* to render them more commodious, or their 

 administration more easy, and their action more perfect and certain. 

 It should not be understood as merely depending upon some mecha- 

 nical processes, such ss trituration, rasping, or other means of sub- 

 division, or even the simpler chemical actions involved in the processes 

 of infusion or decoction, but as requiring a knowledge of vegetable 

 physiology, and an acquaintance with the chemical constitution of the 

 substances to be prepared. In many continental nations this depart- 

 meat is the subject of very strict legal enactments, and forms an im- 

 of medical 



portant part 



l police, especially as regards the dispensing of 



poisonous drugs; while in Britain any one who chooses may affix the 

 terms chemist and druggist to his name, and may deal in the most 

 useful or dangerous Ingredients, without that previous education which 

 would fit him to be the appropriate assistant to the physician, whose 

 most judicious plans are often frustrated by the ignorance or oarelena- 

 nees of those to whom the compounding of his prescriptions are 

 entrusted. Efforts are making both in parliament and out, by the Sale 

 a| Poisons bill, and other measures, and still more by the precautionary 

 exertions of the Pharmaceutical Society, founded by the late Jacob 

 Bell to remove this reproach. [MATEBIA MEDICA ] 



PHASE (4><liris, pkatit, appearance). When a phenomenon changes 

 its character gradually, any particular state which it is necessary to 

 distinguish is called a pham. Thus we have the phases of the moon, 

 meaning the different forms which the enlightened part takes during 

 the month ; the phases of the weather, meaning the succession of heat 

 and cold, wet and dry, Ac. 



PHASES OK THE MOON. [MooN.l 



PHENAMIDE. [ANILINE.] 



PHENAMYLOL. [PHEHYLIO OBOCP.] 



PHENATES. [PHCXYUO GBOUP.] 



PHENETOL. [PHENYLIC Gaour.] 



PHENIC ACID. [PmaiTLic GBODP.] 



ENIC ALCOHOL. [PHUCYLIO GBOCP.] 



'HENYL. A prefix used in organic chemistry to denote the 

 FT" , ? , . r*" * 1 phenyl in the compound to the name of which 

 it is added. Descriptions of such bodies will uenerally be found under 

 the name of the compound to which it is prefixed. 



PHEXYLAMINE. [PHK.NYUC OBOUP] 



PHENYL -BENZAMINK. [Bwzoic OBODP 1 



PHENYL lilBKN/.AMINE. [BKNZOIC OBOOtvl 



PHENYL-CAMI'HUKAMIC ACID. fCAMPHoB 1 

 ESYL-CAMPHOKAM1DE. [CAMPHOR.] 



PHENYL-CABBAMIC ACID <C,.H,NU.) barbinitic acitl, A *,-. 



cut The action of potash upon indigo or phenyl-urea produce* 



phenyl carbamic acid, which crystallises in oolouriesspriams, slightly 



pfe Y^cS-SinS JSP* r d r lTed by hot wu ~- 



.> YL, CYANIDE OF. [BsnOH ACID 1 

 PHF-NYLKORMIAM^DE. [FOBMYL.] 



pounds that belong to the Brazoio UEBIES. It includes a great 

 ally interesting, at the same time many are emploTea^^tL^art* 1 ;'^ 



contained in, or from which are 



,, 

 methyl and the compounds of methyl. While 



.yl, bowr. belongs to U.OM radical. Laving the general formula 

 h ' P P?' ** uua ' btlon 8' " thoa, oiP the general formula 



' *" "'' '*'" "* r been UolaUd. 

 "ft*"* (C..U,, H), ft*, or t**U or tatrfw, 



been treated of in a separate article [BEMIOLK]. Under the 

 head are also described the chlorine, bromine, and peroxide of nitrogen, 

 derivative* of hydride of phouy 1. The peroxide of nitrogen derivative, 



or nitnbntol (c tl i |J Jj I , H \ yields AzoxtBnziot on being heated 



with alcoholic solution of potash; and acoxibeutide yields AzOBEif- 

 zini: by dwtillntion. By the action of reducing agents, such as sul- 

 phide of auiinnniuui, axoxibenzide, and aiobenxide yield bemiilinr. 

 (C M H,,N I >. lieiuudine occurs in lustrous white plates, soluble in boil- 

 ing water, alcohol, or ether. With acids it forms crystalline salts from 

 iutiona of which caustio alkalies throw down a white precipitate of 



/ ..H.O, HO). Phatie add. Phenif alcohol. 

 Phtnvl. Carbolic add. This body is produced in the manufacture of 

 coal gas ; hence, the name j>Jtaue, and thence y/Ar ny(, from the Uroek 

 tauw, " I light," in allusion to the use of coal gas. The method of 

 isolating, and the properties of phenio alcohol have already been 

 detailed [CARBOLIC ACID.] It combines with bases to form piantUtt, 

 some of which are crystalline. 



By the ordinary processes of substitution, phonic acid gives rise to 

 the bodies whose names and formula] are here appended. Many of 

 them were discovered by Laurent, who gave them peculiar, but con- 

 venient, names on a principle already alluded to under NAVUIHALIO 

 Qkour. 



Phenio or carbolic acid 



lllchlorophenfc acid or culuruphvnnfc acid . . 

 TrichloTophcnlc atid, or ehlorophenlclc acid, or ) 



chlorindopllc acid j 



Prntachlorophcnic acid or chlorophenuslc acid . . 

 Bromophenlc acid or bromophcnailo acid . 

 Bibromophcnlc acid or bromopbenolc acid . . 

 Tribromopheulc acid, or bromopheoialo acid, or \ 



bromindoptic acid ..*..) 

 Nitropbcnic acid or nltrophcnaalc acid . . . 

 Bicbloronltrophenio acid or chloronitraplienlftlc acid 

 Bl-lodonltropbcnic acid or lodenltraphcnlslc acid . 

 Binitropbenic acid or nltropbenesic acid 

 Bromoblnltrophenfc acid or bromanitrcphcnlsic acid 

 Trinitrophcnlc acid, picric acid, or nitropbenUic ) 



acid, or CABDAZOTIC ACID . . . . / 

 Ficianislc acid (Uomcric with trlnitropbcnic acid) . 



no, c lt (n,),o 

 HO,C,.(U,C:,),O 



HO, c,,(n.ci,), o 

 no, c,,(ci,).o 



HO, C lt (H.Br), O 

 HO.C lt (H,Br,),0 

 HO, C lt (H,Br,), O 



HO. CuCU^NO.), O 

 HO.C.jtU.CI.NOJ.O 

 HO, C,,(H,I,NO,), O 

 HO, C,,(H S 2NO,), O 

 HO, C.jtn.BraNO.), O 



HO, 0,,(H,NO.), O 

 HO,C 1 ,fH,NO.),0 



Binitrophenic acid and trinitrophenic acid respectively yield nitnt- 

 phcnamic add (C,.H,, (NO < ) ( N l O l + 4Aq), and picramic acid <C.,H, 

 (SO,), NO,) when acted upon by sulphide of ammonium. All these 

 acids form with bases salts that mostly are crystalline. 



Phenic acid combines with the oxides of methyl, ethyl, and amyl to 

 form : 



1. Puenatc of methyl 



I !, H ?>1 

 vs u a ) 



J. Phenate of ethyl ...... 



S. Phenate of amyl . 



?' 



1. Pheuate of methyl or anital is proparnl by distilling anisic acid 

 with caustic baryta. Its sp. gr. is O'Slttl. Boiling point 305'6 Fahr. 

 By substitution it yields 



Bibromphenatc of methyl 01 bibromanisol . Cll(n j- B J|'o } 

 NitrophcnaU of methyl or nitranUol . . . C ' I! !< Jj' j 

 Blnitrophenatc of methyl or binltranlBOl . n< n i*J" H > j 



C 1I (H,SSO 



SO.)0 1 

 C.H.O J 



Trinltrophcnate of methyl or trinitranisol 



CHBTSAKUIC ACID (laomeric with trlBltraaisol) Cl>(n *'j 4) 



The nitro-, binitro-, and trinitro-phenate of methyl yield the throe 

 following bodies by the action of sulphide of ammonium. 



Mtthyl.phrnldlne or Axmmxs . . . C 14 (H,)NO, 



Mcthylnitrophcnidlne or nltnnlijdlne . . t',,(H,NO,)NO t 

 Methylbuillropbcnldinc or binitianUldine . C,,(11,2NO.)NO, 



Sulphuricacid converts phenatc of methyl into mtthyltulphophcnic acid 



(C (H C H ) O ) \ 

 v v^t "mffil 8,0. 1 called also tulj.lianiioiic acid, while anhy- 

 / 



droui mlphuric acid traimftmns it into tulphanitolide. 



2. Phenate of ethyl, phenetU or talilkol, is prepared by submitting to 

 distillation the perfectly dry compound of salioylate of ethyl with 

 baryta. It is a colourless liquid, lighter than water, of agreeable aro- 

 matic odour, very soluble in alcohol or ether, but insoluble in water. 

 It boils at 311-G* Fahr. Chlorine and bromine convert it into 



