473 



PHRASE. 



PHREXOLOGY. 



474 



retina the two looped curves are seen of different degrees of bright- 

 ness ; the brighter light is to be removed until these curves appear of 

 the same brightness, aud the intensities of the lights are then as the 

 squares of the distances as before. Bunsen's photometer consists of a 

 compound disc of paper, of which the inner white disc is opaque, and 

 the outer surrounding ring is made translucent by painting it with oil. 

 When this is placed between the two lights, and viewed on one side, 

 the opaque disc will be seen by reflection, and the translucent ring by 

 transmission from the other light. The disc is then to be moved 

 until both it and the ring appear to be equally illuminated, when the 

 distances may be taken and squared as before. M. Babinet has con- 

 trived a polarising photometer. There are also photometers for 

 measuring the relative brilliancy of the stars. These depend upon 

 this principle: that the brilliancy of the image of a star* as seen 

 through a telescope depends, cceteris paribits, on the size of the object- 

 glass ; by obscuring the outer rings of the object-glass the image of a 

 star of high magnitude can be reduced to the light of a star of lower 

 magnitude, as seen through the entire object-glass. The relative 

 brilliancy of the two bodies may then be inferred from the diameters of 

 the free object-glasses employed. In practice it is better to make use 

 of two corresponding telescopes simultaneously. [STARS.] 



PHRASE, in music, a succession of sounds either in melody or 

 harmony, expressing an unbroken sense more or less complete, and 

 terminating in a pause (repot), that is, a comparatively long note or a 

 rest, thus forming a cadence more or less perfect. Some authors 

 have used the word period instead of phrase. 



PHRENOLOGY (from erfr, mind, and \<fyor, discourse) is, in the 

 words of Dr. Spurzheim, the doctrine of the special faculties of the 

 mind, and of the relations between their manifestations and the body, 

 particularly the brain. Without entering upon the question of the 

 nature of the mind, or of the number or nature of its original faculties, 

 it may be admitted as the result of all observation, and a fact on which 

 nearly all physiologists are agreed, that the brain is the part of the 

 body by means of which all the powers or faculties of the mind are 

 manifested. The fundamental principles of phrenology, and those in 

 which it chiefly differs from other psychological systems are, that the 

 manifestation of each of the several faculties of the mind depends on a 

 particular part of the brain, and that, ccrtcrii paribus, the degree or 

 strength in which each faculty is manifested in each individual, de- 

 pends on the size of its appropriated portion of the brain, or (as it is 

 termed) its organ. 



The first principle, that of the plurality of organs in the brain, is 

 supposed to be supported, 1, by the analogy of the other compound 

 organs or systems in the body, in which each part has its special func- 

 tion ; as, for example, in the digestive system, in which the stomach, 

 liver, and other organs perform each their separate share in the com- 

 mon result of digestion of the food ; 2, by the different degrees in 

 which, in different individuals, the several mental functions are mani- 

 fested. Even in the earliest period of childhood, and before education 

 can be imagined to have exercised any influence on the mind, children 

 exhibit the most varied dispositions each presents some predominant 

 propensity, or evinces a singular aptness in some study or pursuit ; and 

 it is a matter of daily observation that every one has his peculiar talent 

 or propensity. But it is difficult to imagine how this could be the case, 

 if the manifestation of each faculty depended on the whole of the brain ; 

 different conditions of the whole man might affect the mind generally, 

 depressing or exalting all it* functions in an equal degree, but could 

 not permit one faculty to be strongly and another weakly manifested. 

 3. The plurality of organs in the brain ia supported by the phenomena 

 of some forms of mental derangement. It is not usual for all the 

 mental faculties in an insane person to be equally disordered ; it often 

 happens that the strength of some ia increased, while that of others is 

 diminished ; and in many cases one function only of the mind ia 

 deranged, while all the rest are performed in a natural manner. 4. 

 The same opinion is supported by the fact that the several mental 

 faculties are developed to their greatest strength at different periods of 

 life, some being exercised with great energy in childhood, others only 

 in adult age ; and that as their energy decreases in old age, there is 

 not a gradual and equal diminution of power in all of them at once, 

 but, on the contrary, a diminution in one or more, while others retain 

 their full strength, or even increase in power. 5. The plurality of 

 cerebral organs appears to be indicated by the phenomena of dreams, 

 in which only a part of the mental faculties are at rest or asleep, while 

 the others are awake, and, it is presumed, are exercised through the 

 medium of the parts of the brain appropriated to them. 6. It is stated 

 that the examination of the brains of individuals, each remarkable for 

 some peculiar propensity or talent, has demonstrated a constant corre- 

 spondence in the development of a certain portion of the brain ; and 

 that thus the results of the observations upon which phrenology was 

 first founded by Dr. Gall, exactly coincide with and confirm the argu- 

 ments by which its truths may, d priori, be made to seem probable. 

 Lastly, pain has been felt in an organ when the faculty with which it is 

 presumed to be connected has been greatly excited ; and when a faculty 

 Las been morbidly manifested during life, disease has sometimes been 

 found to have affected the corresponding part of the brain. 



The preceding arguments for the existence, in the general mass of 

 the brain, of several organs or instruments for the manifestation of the 

 different powers of the mind, form also the basis of the rules by which 



those powers which may be called primitive, or original, are deter- 

 mined. Every power of the mind is regarded by phrenologists as a 

 primitive faculty, and is considered to be manifested through the 

 medium of a separate organ, which, 1 , exists in one kind of animal and 

 not in another ; 2, which varies in the sexes of the same species ; 3, 

 which is not proportionate to the other faculties of the same individual ; 

 4, which does not manifest itself simultaneously with the other facul- 

 ties, that is, which appears or disappears earlier or later than they ; 5, 

 which may act or repose singly ; 6, which individually is propagated in 

 a distinct manner from parents to children ; and 7, which singly may 

 preserve its proper state of health or be affected by disease. 



In accordance with these rules Gall enumerated nearly thirty primi- 

 tive mental faculties, which are admitted, with more or less of modifica- 

 tion, by all the phrenologists of the present day ; and their number 

 has been augmented by Spurzheim to thirty-five. These faculties 

 Spurzheim divided into moral, or affective, and intellectual. The 

 affective faculties or feelings he again divided into propensities, including 

 all those which produce only desires or inclinations, and sentiments, 

 including such as not only produce a desire to act, but are combined 

 with some other emotion or affection which is not mere propensity. 

 The intellectual faculties also he divided into the perceptive and the 

 rejlective. The subjoined figures and the references to them will at 

 once indicate this division of the mental faculties, and the situations 

 on the exterior of the head which are supposed to correspond with the 

 portions of the brain belonging to each, according to the system of Dr. 

 Spurzheim. We have also added the figures by which the several organs 

 were marked by Mr. Combe, in the first and second editions ot his 

 ' System of Phrenology ; ' in the later editions he has followed the 

 enumeration of Dr. Spurzheim. 



1. Amativtntii is the mental faculty which produces the propensity 

 to physical love, or, as it was termed by Dr. Gall, the instinct of pro- 

 pagation.* Its organ is the cerebellum, and its energy is indicated by 



* It may be necessary to mention that the chief modifications introduced into 

 the system of Gall by .Spurzheim (whose arrangement is here adopted as being 

 received by the great majority of phrenologists in this country) are expressed in 

 the differences of their terms. Gall designated the organs according to the 

 actions to which he believed their predominance led ; Spurzheim according to 

 the nature of the faculties. [See further, GAM, j SruRKiiKtjr, in Bioo. Div.J 



