477 



PHRENOLOGY. 



PHRENOLOGY. 



active it causes irresolution, anxiety, and melancholy. Its organ is 

 situated on the upper lateral and posterior part of the head, between 

 destructiveness and self-esteem. 



13. Benevolence is the disposition of the mind from which result 

 compassion, kindness, philanthropy, mildness, charity, and various 

 other amiable social virtues. Its existence as a fundamental power of 

 the mind is considered to be proved by the rules above mentioned, 

 and by which, it may be again observed, the existence of all the pre- 

 ceding and following faculties is determined ; the seat of its organ is 

 the upper and middle part of the forehead, just where the hair begins 

 to grow. 



14. Veneration. The organ of this faculty was called by Dr. Gall 

 the or<*an of religion, and he believed that the disposition to the 

 worship of God was directly proportionate to its development. Dr. 

 Spurzheim has here again extended the scope of the faculty, by making 

 it the cause of veneration or respect in general, whether directed to 

 divine or human beings, or to inanimate objects. When the organ of 

 this sentiment is much developed, the head is remarkably elevated ; 

 and it was by observing (as Lavater had before done) this peculiarity 

 in the shape of the heads of very pious persons, that the position of 

 the organ on the front part of the top of the middle of the head waa 

 determined. 



1.1. Firmnesi ia the faculty which gives constancy and perseverance 

 to the other powers, and contributes to maintain their activity. In its 

 various combinations with other faculties, the results to which it leads 

 diBer considerably : with much self-esteem and love of approbation, it 

 produces an obstinate persistence in the pursuit of honour and rank ; 

 with benevolence, it excites the most active and persevering philan- 

 thropy; with destructiveness and acquisitiveness, it may excite to 

 daring acts of murder and rapine. When, on the other hand, this 

 faculty is little developed, it Itavts men inconstant, and makes them 

 the mere creatures of circumstances. Its organ is situated at the very 

 top of the head, at 15. 



10. Omaciintiutsnett is the fundamental and innate sentiment which 

 disposes mankind to look and to wish for justice. The existence of 

 this feeling in a high degree is one of the chief constituents of a noble 

 mind, and the strongest foundation of morality ; its deficiency leaves 

 men with little restraint to prevent them from following the impulses 

 of all their worse propensities, and from striving to attain their ends 

 by the most unworthy means. The situation of the organ of con- 

 scientiousness is on the upper part of the head, on each aide of that of 

 firmness. 



17. Hope is the sentiment which induces men to believe in the pos- 

 sibility of whatever their other faculties desire ; it is not mere desire, 

 for that may continue without any expectation of being ever gratified. 

 The different degree* in which it is developed will lead one person to 

 be continually building, as it is said, castles in the air, and another to 

 despair of success even in favourable circumstances. It is this senti- 

 ment, also, which inspires the hope of a future state and of immortality. 

 Its organ is situated on each side of that of veneration. 



18. Man-ell'ituntea, or wonder, is the sentiment which is principally 

 manifested by a belief in miraculous and supernatural circumstances, 

 and which leads men to be amused with everything that can excite 

 their surprise and wonder. Its organ is situated immediately in front 

 of that of hope. 



19. Ideality. Dr. Gall regarded the organ of this faculty as the 

 organ of poetry, finding it much developed in all the great poets of 



.t and modem times. But it is also large in some who, though 

 they may be fond of poetical conceptions, are not poets themselves. 

 Dr. Spurzheim therefore believes that the essential nature of this senti- 

 ment is to impress a peculiar character called poetical or ideal, and to 

 vivify the other faculties ; to give a sense and love of beauty ; to pro- 

 duce sublimity of conception, and excite warmth of imagination rm<l 

 expression. The organ of this sentiment is placed by the side of 

 marvellousness, and the two frequently act together. 



20. Mirthful mm, or Wit. Spurzheim regards this faculty as affective, 

 not as intellectual, in which view it is considered by Gall, and by the 

 principal phrenologists of the Edinburgh school. He describes it as a 

 sentiment which disposes men to view everything in a gay or joyful 

 manner, and which, according to its various applications in different 

 circumstances, and its modifications by being variously combined with 

 other faculties, produces wit, good humour, caricature, mockery, irony, 

 sarcasms, epigrams, and satires. Its organ is situated in the upper 



' eral part of the forehead, and in the earlier Edinburgh casts is 

 marked 32. 



21. Imitation. Those who have this faculty highly developed are 

 fond of acting, and of imitating the gestures, voices, manners, and in 

 general all the manifestations of man and animals. It is generally 

 more active in children than in adults: the former always leam a 

 great deal by imitation ; of the latter, some only employ it much, and 

 these are usually marked by the gestures with which they speak, imi- 

 tating the habits and manners of whatever forms the subject of their 

 conversation. Its organ is situated at the front of the head, and on each 

 side of benevolence. 



22. Individuality ia, in Spurzheim's arrangement, the first of those 

 intellectual faculties which perceive the existence of external objects 

 and their physical qualities. It is the faculty which recognises the 

 existence of individual beings. It is this, also, which in excess 



induces men to personify everything of which they speak, whether 

 mere qualities or abstract ideas, or even phenomena, such as motion, 

 life, the passions, 4c. Its organ is situated behind the root of tho 

 nose, and its greater development enlarges the forehead between the 

 eyebrows. 



23. Configuration, or Form, is the power which takes cognisance of 

 forma and figures generally. One of its peculiar applications, and that 

 by which its organ was first discovered by Dr. Gall, is observed in the 

 power which some individuals possess of remembering the forms and 

 features of different persons ; another is shown in the love of portraits, 

 or in the ability to take the likenesses of persons and things. Its organ 

 is situated in the internal angle of the orbit, and when large it pushes 

 the eyeball outwards and downwards, giving the person in whom it is 

 thus developed a somewhat squinting appearance, and making his eyes 

 appear unusually wide apart. 



24. Size. This is the faculty which measures the size of bodies, as 

 distinguished from their form, which is appreciated by the preceding 

 power. Its organ is placed at the inner corner of the arch of the 

 eyebrow. 



25. Weight. It is believed that the mind estimates the weight and 

 resistance, as well as many of the other qualities of bodies, not by the 

 sense of feeling, but by a peculiar internal operation, which must 

 require a special organ. Dr. Spurzheim conjectures that its situation 

 is behind 1 the orbit, in the neighbourhood of configuration and size. 



26. Culuuriny. There appears to be a peculiar faculty for the full 

 appreciation of the relations of colour. For though few are incapable 

 of perceiving the differences of colour in the objects around them, yet 

 all have not the same power in this respect, nor have all the same 

 facility in recollecting or judging of their relations. Many artists who 

 draw well cannot colour ; others are good colourists, but cannot imitate 

 or design forms. The organ of this power, which must from these and 

 other similar circumstances be regarded as an original faculty of the 

 mind, is placed in the middle of the arch of the eyebrow. 



27. Locality. This is the faculty by which we appreciate and 

 remember tho places occupied by objects around us ; the mental 

 power which makes the traveller, geographer, and landscape-painter ; 

 which recollects localities, and gives notions of perspective. It is 

 remarkably shown in the power which many animals exhibit in tracing 

 their way through great distances ill migration, or in returning to their 

 homes ; and it gives men the propensity to travel, which many have so 

 remarkably exhibited. Its organ is placed above and oil each sidu of 

 the root of the nose. 



28. Calculation, or Number, might be called the faculty of arith- 

 metic ; whatever concerns calculation or number belongs to it, and 

 hence Mr. Combe and many others speak of its organ as that of num- 

 ber. In those in whom the power of calculation is much developed, 

 the external angle of the eyebrow is either much pressed downwards or 

 elevated ; the organ of thii faculty being situated beneath that part of 

 the brow. 



29. Order. It is believed that there is a faculty which gives a dispo- 

 sition to arrange and put tilings hi ordur ; as, for example, in a library 

 to place books according to their size and form ; in a collection of 

 natural history to make each subject occupy its right situation accord- 

 ing to its configuration, or colour, or size. Cleanliness also seems to 

 depend on it ; and it produces the pleasure of seeing things complete. 

 Its organ is situated between those of colouring and calculation. 



30. Eventuality. Individuals who have this organ large are attentive 

 to all that happens around them, to phenomena, to events, to facts ; 

 they are fond of history and of anecdotes ; are inquisitive, and desire 

 information on every branch of- natural knowledge. Individuality 

 takes cognisance of things which are, the names of which are nouns; 

 and eventuality, of things which happen, the names of which are verbs. 

 The organ is situated in the middle of the forehead, and those in 

 whom it is much developed have a peculiar prominence of this part of 

 the skull. 



81. Time. The faculty of time conceives the duration of pheno- 

 mena, then* simultaneousness or succession. Its organ is situated above 

 the middle of the eyebrow. 



32. Melody or Tune. The organ of tune bears the same relation to 

 the ears as that of colour does to the eyes. The ear is the instrument 

 by which sounds are heard, but it has no recollection of them, and 

 does not judge of their relations ; these are the offices of a peculiar and 

 original mental power, whose organ is above the outer part of tho eye- 

 brow, go that when much developed, it enlarges the lower and lateral 

 part of the forehead. 



33. Language. This is the faculty which makes us acquainted with 

 arbitrary signs, which remembers them, judges of their relations, and 

 gives a disposition to indulge in all exercises connected with words. 

 Its organ was the first that Dr. Gall discovered : in his youth he 

 observed that while he had great difficulty in committing his lessons 

 to memory, there were many boys who could easily learn by heart even 

 things which they did not understand so well as he did. He noticed 

 that all these boys were " bull-eyed," that is, had a peculiar pro- 

 minence of the eye-ball, which seemed to project from its socket. 

 Subsequent obssrvntion enabled him to confirm the opinion that the 

 organ of verbal knowledge is situated at the very back part of the 

 orbit, which is, with the eye, pushed forward by it when it is much 

 developed. 



