PHYSICIAN. 



two esrtniiuAtlinw. at the tint of whi^h they mut produo* certificates 

 of Uaviug completed their nineteenth year; of having Ukenadepw In 

 *rU in tlii* uuiveniiy. or in a recognised university, or o( having 

 rasd the matriculation examination ; of having been itudent for two 

 Tear* at on* or more recognised medical institution*, subsequently to 

 having taken a degree in arts ; of baring attended a ooune of lectures 

 on desoriptivs and .urgical anatomy, general anatomy and physiology, 

 comparative anatomy, pathological anatomy, chemistry, boUny, materia 

 medicaand phrroacy. general pathology, general therapeutics, forensic 

 medicine, hygiene, midwifery, surgery, medicine ; of having diasscted 

 daring nine month*; of having attended a ooune of practical oho- 

 mistry ; and of having attended practical pharmacy. Candidate* to 

 be examined in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, structural and physi- 

 ological botany, malaria medic*, and pharmacy. 



IV Ifii MCMui (jvminati'm no candidate can be admitted until two 

 yean after pawing the first. He uiuit produce certificates of having 

 pusiirt hi* first examination ; of having subsequently attended a course 

 of lecture* on each of two out of the four subjects mentioned above ; 

 of having subsequently to hi* first examination diwected for six months; 

 of having conducted at least six labours ; of having attended the surgical 

 practice of a recognised ho-pital or hospital* during twelve months, 

 and lecture* on clinical surgery; of having attended the medical 

 practice of a recognised hospital or hospital* during other twelve 

 month*, and lectures on clinical medicine; of having subsequently 

 attended to practical medicine in a recognised hospital, infirmary, or 

 dispensary, during six month*. The candidate must also produce a 

 certificate of moral character from a teacher in the last school at which 

 he ha* studied. Candidates to be examined in physiology (including 

 comparative anatomy), general pathology, general therapeutics, hygiene, 

 urgery, medicine, midwifery, and forensic medicine. 



>Vr lJu dtynt of M. J*. Candidates to produce certificates: 1, of 

 having taken the degree of Bachelor of Medicine in this university, or 

 a degree in medicine or surgery at a university recognised by this uni- 

 versity ; 2, of having subsequently attended (A) to clinical or practical 

 medicine during two yean in a recognised hospital or medical institu- 

 tion; (B) or to clinical or practical medicine during one yenr in a 

 recognised hospital or medical institution, and of having been engaged 

 during three yean in the practice of his profession ; (C) or if he have 

 taken the degree of B.M. in this university, of having been engaged 

 during five year* in the practice of his profession ; 3, of moral cha- 

 racter, signed by two persons of respectability. 



Candidates who have not taken a degree in arts, or passed the 

 matriculation examination in this university, will be required to trans- 

 late a portion of Celsus ' De Re Medico.' 



RzGL'LATIOSS BELATIXO TO PBACTITIOSEI1S IS MEDTCISE OB SURGEBT 

 DE8IBOCB OF OBTAINING DEUREES IN MEDICINE, 



Dtyrte of Bachelor of Medinnt. Candidates shall be admitted to 

 the two examinations for the degree of Bachelor of Medicine on pro- 

 ducing certificates : 1, of having been admitted, prior to the year 1840, 

 members of one of the legally constituted bodies in the United King- 

 dom for licensing practitioners in medicine or surgery ; 2, of having 

 received a part of their education at a recognised institution or school, 

 as required by the charter of the university; 3, of moral character, 

 signed by two persons of reapootabilitr. 



Dtgrte of Doctor of ifedicint. Candidates who have beeu enga 

 during five yean in the practice of thoir profession, shall be admitted 

 to the examination for this degree on producing certificates : 1, ol 

 having been engaged during five yean in the practice of their profes- 

 sion ; 8, of having taken the degree of Bachelor of Medicine in this 

 university. 



In Scotland the degree of doctor of medicine is conferred by the 

 univenities in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and St. Andrews, from 

 which last named university a diploma can still be obtained without 

 residence ; the regulations at the othen contain nothing particularly 

 worthy of notice. 



In Ireland, the King and Queen'* College of Physicians exercise 

 much the same jurisdiction as the English college. The degrees ol 

 Bachelor and Doctor of Medicine conferred by Trinity College, Dublin, 

 rank with the same degree* respectively from Oxford and Cambridge, 

 and are never given without previous study in arts, which occupies 

 four yean. For the degree of M.D. five yean must have elapsed since 

 the degree of M.B was conferred ; the candidate is then to undergo a 

 second examination, and write and publish a Latin thesis on some 

 medical subject. 



By the English law the physician is exempted from servini? on 

 juries, from serving various offices, and from bearing arm*. Re is 

 (according to Willcock.p. 105) responsible for want of skill or attention, 

 and is liable to make compensation in pecuniary damages (as far as 

 such can be deemed compensation) to any of his patients who may 

 have suffered injury by any gross want of professional knowledge on 

 hi* part. 



In 1898, a new medical act obtained the assent of the legislature, 

 entit ed, " an act to regulate the qualifications of practitioners in 

 medicine and surgery." The object of this act wo* to consolidate the 

 various medical corporations of the United Kingdom, to secure 

 reciprocity of practice throughout the British dominions, and by legal 



registration independent of the univenitie* and colleges, to secure to 

 the public the means of distinguishing between qualified and non- 

 qualified practitionen. One of the distinguishing fnatures of this act 

 is the coiuMtuting a medical council, entitled, " the General Council of 

 Medical Education and Registration of the United Kingdom." This 

 council consists of one person chosen from time to time by each of the 

 following bodies : 



The Royal College of Physicians. 



The Royal College of Surgeon* of England. 



The Apothecaries Society of London. 



The Univenity of Oxford. 



The Univenity of Cambridge. 



The University of Durham. 



The University of London. 



The College of Physician* of Edinburgh. 



The College of Surgeon* of Edinburgh. 



The Faculty of Physicians and Surgeon* of Glasgow. 



One person chosen from time to time by the Univenity of Edinburgh 

 and the two Univenitie* of Aberdeen collectively.* 



One person by the Univenity of Glasgow and the University of 

 St Andrews collectively. 



The King and Queen's College of Physicians, Ireland, 



The Royal College of Surgeon* of Ireland. 



The Apothecaries Hall of Ireland. 



The University of Dublin. 



The Queen's University in Ireland. 



Six persons nominated by her Majesty by the advice of her privy 

 council, four of whom are appointed for England, one for Scotland, and 

 one for Ireland, and of a president to be elected by the General 

 Council. The first president chosen under this act was Sir Benjamin 

 Brodie, Bart. 



The General Council appoints a registrar, who acts a* secretary and 

 treasurer. 



Branch councils are also appointed for Scotland and Ireland, who 

 have each a registrar, aud other officers and clerks. 



The act then provides for the registration of every person holding 

 one or more qualifications from the following bodies. The Colleges of 

 Physicians of London, Edinburgh, and Ireland. The Colleges of Surgeons 

 of England, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Ireland, the Apothecaries Society 

 of London, and the Apothecaries Hall of Dublin, graduates in medicine 

 of any university in the United Kingdom, and graduates of any 

 foreign or colonial university or college practising as a physician 

 previous to the first day of October, 1858. The fee charged for 

 registration under this act is two pounds. The register containing 

 the names and qualifications of all registered practitioners is published 

 yearly. 



The Council is given power to require that every university, 

 corporation, or college, whose graduates, members or licenciates are 

 entitled to register, shall cause them to go through such a course of 

 education and examination as shall secure to persons obtaining such 

 qualification the requisite knowledge and skill for the efficient practice 

 of their profession. 



Every person registered under this act is entitled according to his 

 qualification or qualifications, to practise medicine or surgery, or 

 medicine and surgery as the case may be, in any part of her Majesty's 

 dominions, and to demand aud recover in any court of law with full 

 co.il of suit, reasonable charges for professional aid, advice, and visits, 

 and the cool ol au y uiediviuea or other medical or surgical appliances 

 rendered and supplied by him to his patient. A proviso is made, 

 that it shall be lawful for any college of physicians to pass a bye law 

 to the eSfcct that no one of their fellows or members shall be entitled 

 to sue in manner aforesaid in any court of law, and thereupon such bye 

 law may bo pleaded In bar to any action fo.- the purposes aforesaid 

 commenced by any fellow or member of such college. 



A clause in this act defines the terms " legally qualified " and "duly 

 qualified" medical practitioner, as meaning a person registered under 

 this act. 



Another important provision of this act is in reference to the 

 publication of a common Pharmacopoeia for the three kingdoms. 

 Hitherto the Colleges of Physicians of London, Dublin anil Edinburgh, 

 have published from time to time their own Pharmacopoeias, but the 

 act provides that the General Council shall cause to be published 

 mid- T their direction a book, containing a list of medicines and com- 

 pounds, and the manner of preparing them, together with the true 

 weight ami measures by which they are to be prepared and mixed, 

 and containing such other matter and things relating thereto, as the 

 General Council shall think fit, to be called the ' British Pharmacopoeia,' 

 and the General Council shall cause to be altered, amended and 

 ropublished, such Pharmacopoeia as often as they shall deem it 

 necessary. 



The passing of this act ban caused a very considerable movement in 

 the medical profession. The large body of men who practise in 

 England as general practitionen) are members of the College of 

 Surgeons, and practise as and call themselves surgeons. They practise 

 however not only surgery but medicine, aud they claim as practitionen 

 of medicine the style and title of physicians. Up to the time of the 



The two universities of Aberdeen hat since b**B oon*oUdat(d. 



