PILING OF SHOT. 



PILOT. 



626 



prince of the Apostles every hundredth year, we confirm them, and 

 grant plenary indulgence to all those who have confessed, and, being 

 duly repentant, shall visit the churches of the Apostles daring the 

 present year, 1300, and every other centenary year after." This is the 

 origin of the festival which was afterwards called jubilee. Fifty years 

 later, Clement VI. reduced the period of its recurrence to half a 

 century, and styled it jubilee in commemoration of the jubilee of the 

 Jews, which was celebrated every forty-ninth or fiftieth year, when all 

 slaves became free, and all lands returned to their original owners. 

 (Leviticus, xxv. 10, et seq.) This jubilee began at Christmas, 1349, and 

 jt was attended by a prodigious concourse of people from all parts of 

 Europe, it is said, more than a million at a time. Petrarca, who went 

 to Home on that occasion, speaks with wonder of the concourse of 

 pilgrims. The crowd diminished during the heat of the summer, but 

 increased again towards the fall of the year 1350, at which time the 

 nobility, and especially the great ladies, from distant parts came. It 

 appears that all these ladies came by the road of the March of Ancona, 

 where Bernardino da Polenta, lord of Ravenna, one of those robber 

 barons of the middle ages, and his men, lay in wait for them, and 

 ravished some of them, and obliged the rest to pay ransom. The 

 chronicler who relates this adds, that " had they remained at home, 

 such mishaps would not have happened to them ; " and that " indul- 

 gences and pilgrimages are not suited to young ladies." (P. Azar, 

 Ckronica, foL 359.) Similar misfortunes are reported to have befallen 

 those ladies who in former ages resorted to Palestine, when pilgrims 

 were exposed to insults and even violence. 



The period of the recurrence of the Jubilee has been altered several 

 time* ; some popes reduced it to twenty-fire years, in order that each 

 generation should have the advantage of it. There are foundations at 

 Koine for receiving and feeding the poorer class of pilgrims who resort 

 there at jubilee time ; one of these institution* or hospitals is called la 

 Triniti del Pellegrini. The fashion of devotional pilgrimage however 

 has very much decreased in our time; but yet there are annual 

 "excursion" pilgrimages to the Holy Land from France, tc. The 

 popes granted to several monasteries the privilege of holding jubilee, 

 with the indulgences attached to it, every fifty years ; among others to 

 that of Canterbury. Concerning former pilgrimages, many notices are 

 found in the ancient chroniclers, especially those of the Crusades. 

 Chaucer, in his ' Canterbury Tales,' baa given sketches of the pilgri- 

 mage to Thomas a Becket's shrine. Erasmus wrote a 'Pilgrimage 

 to \Valsingham and Canterbury,' republished in 1849, edited by J. G. 

 Nichols. Henry Watson wrote ' Instructions for Pilgrims to the Holy 

 Land.' Timberlake wrote the 'Travels of Two English Pilgrims to 

 Jerusalem, Gaza,' &c. 



The Mohammedan* have also their pilgrimages. According to a 

 precept of the Koran, every Mussulman who possibly can, ought once 

 in ln life to visit the tomb of the prophet at Mecca and the Holy 

 Kaaba. [MoBAHUEO, in Bioo. Div.J The ceremonies performed by 

 the pilgrims at Mecca are minutely described by Major Burton in his 

 'Pilgrimage to El Medinah and Mecca.' There are also sanctuaries 

 for the Mohammedan* of the sect of Ali at Mushed in Khorasaan, and 

 Koom in Irak Ajemi, which contains the tomb of Fatima, the sister of 

 Iteza, which are visited yearly by numbers of Persian pilgrim*. 



The Hindu* likewise have then* place* of pilgrimage, the most 

 celebrated of which is that of Juggernaut or Jagathnatha, on the coast 

 of i irissa in Coromandel, where extensive buildings are allotted for the 

 idol and hi* priest*. The statue of the idol is brought forth at certain 

 period*, and mounted upon an enormous ear sixty feet high, which i* 

 dragged along by the devout multitude amidst crowds of pilgrims, who 

 resort thither from every part of Hindustan. The procession is 

 attended by dancing girls and dissolute young men, who perform acts 

 of obscenity, while, until the practice was discountenanced by the 

 English authorities, fanatic* threw themselves under the wheel* of the 

 car to be crushed to death. The whole scene, of which Buchanan, 

 Laurie, and other writers give a full account, is a frightful com 

 pound of superstition, cruelty, and lust. 



The Japanese are said to have their pilgrimage* to the temples of 

 Xinto or Xaca, of which accounts are given by Thunberg and other 

 traveller!). 



PILING OF SHOT, an instance in which a process of pure mathe- 

 matics, the summation of series, becomes of immediate application. 

 Three shot, or spherical balls of equal size, placed together on the 

 ground, will support a fourth, and four will support a fifth. Not more 

 than four can 1 placed together so as to touch each other and support 

 one more. Hence arise two distinct methods of piling shot, the trl 

 angular and the rectangular. 



In a triangular pile the base is an equilateral triangle, with i.ne shot 

 at the vertex, two adjoining, three in the next row, and so on. The 

 number of shot in the base (supposed to have n rows) is therefore 

 1 + 2 + 3 + ---- +TI, or 4n(n + l). The number of interstices in which 

 other shot can lie is 1 +2 + 8 + . . . +-!, or J (n 1). . If such a 

 pile be completed until one shot stands at the vertex, the pile will be 

 n layers high, and counting from the top, the layers will severally 



Let there be a rectangular base, say of 16 by 11. The number of 

 interstices is 15 by 10, and when the second layer is put on, the number 

 of interstices is 14 by 9, and so on; whence the eleventh layer is a 

 single row of 6. If a and a + b be the numbers in the longer and 

 shorter nidea of the rectangular base, the number in the complete 

 i ile is 



contain 1, 8, 1, 10, . 



(+ 1), of which the sum 



u the number hi ft complete triangular pile. 



If the base be a square, 6 = 0, and the number in the pile is 



6 

 PILLAR. [COLUMN.] 



PILLORY. The pillory was a mode of punishment for crimes by a 

 public exposure of the offender, used for many centuries in most of 

 the countries of Europe under various names. In France it was called 

 otllorie, and, in more recent times, carcan ; and in Germany pranger. 

 In England it existed before the Norman conquest, and was in frequent 

 use in our criminal law from that period until it was finally abolished 

 in the year 1837, by the statute 1 Viet., o. 23. In the laws of Canute 

 (Wilkins's ' Anglo-Saxon Laws,' p. 11) it was called healfange, or, more 

 correctly perhaps, haltfang, that is, catch-neck, a name derived, without 

 doubt, from the form of the instrument used, and the mode in which 

 the punishment was inflicted. Hence also the Latin name of the 

 pillory, collwtriyium (quasi collum stringens), is said to be taken. 

 (Cowell's ' Interpreter,' ad. voc. ' Pillory.') The tumbrel, trebuchetum, 

 an obscure punishment, which is said to be the same as the ducking 

 or clicking stool, and was used for women, who were exempted, on 

 account of their sex, from the pillory, is often spoken of in the ancient 

 English law* in conjunction with the pillory. In early periods of 

 English history, the right of having a pillory and tumbrel, and some- 

 times also furca, or gallows, within their jurisdiction, was claimed and 

 insisted on as a beneficial franchise by lords of leets : in process of 

 time this privilege wag converted into a burden for the public use ; 

 and such persons were held to be bound to maintain a pillory and 

 tumbrel as appurtenant to their criminal jurisdiction, on pain of for- 

 feiture of their franchises. (Hawkins's ' Pleas of the Crown/ book ii., 

 cap. 1 1 , sec. 5.) In like manner the ' Droits de Carcan et de Pillori ' 

 are mentioned in ancient French customaries as belonging formerly to 

 seigneurs haut-justiciers. (Vouglans, ' Loix Criminelles de France.') 



The form of the pillory as used in England in the time of Henry 

 VII., may be seen in a collection of prints published by the Society of 

 Antiquaries. In modern times it was nothing more than a wooden 

 frame or screen, raised several feet from the ground, and behind which 

 the culprit stood, supported upon a platform, his head and arms being 

 thrust through holes in the screen, BO as to be exposed in front of it ; 

 and in this position he remained for a definite time, sometimes fixed 

 by law, but usually assigned at the discretion of the judge who passed 

 the sentence. 



The pillory wa* intended " magis ad ludibrium et infamiam quatn ad 

 pccnam ; " but serious injury, and, in some cases, loss of life, has 

 occurred where the populace have been much excited against the 

 offender. (Barrington's ' Antieut Statutes.') Ou the other hand, 

 where the unpopularity of the prosecution or other causes have occa- 

 sioned a feeling in the public mind favourable to the offender, (she 

 execution has sometimes been a species of triumph. 



In England the pillory was abolished by the statute above referred 

 to ; in France, the carcan was discontinued upon the revision of the 

 Code Pe"nal in 1882 ; and in the numerous codes and schemes of codes 

 which have appeared in the different states of Germany during recent 

 years, punishments by public exposure of the person or otherwise 

 tending generally to degrade the character have been omitted. 

 (' Kntwurfe fur Wurtemberg, Sachsen, Hannover, Baden,' &c.) 



PILOT. In many maritime countries the name of pilot is applied 

 to a constant officer in a ship, who has the charge of the helm and the 

 general direction of the ship's course ; and also tu a person who under- 

 takes the special charge of navigating ships in particular rivers, roads, 

 or channels, or in entering and leaving ports, and who is entrusted 

 with such charge independently of the captains or masters, in con- 

 sequence of his peculiar acquaintance with the navigation within the 

 limits to which hi* duty ia restricted. In France large vessels usually 

 carry several officers of the former kind, who are called pilota kautu- 

 riert ; the latter description of pilot is called pUute cttier, or lama in r. 

 The ancient laws of France contained provision* for the education and 

 regulation of both these kinds of pilots (Merlin, ' Repertoire de Juris- 



Frudence,' art. ' Lamaneur et Pilote ; ' Valin, ' Commeutaire sur 

 Ordonnance de la Maine du Moi d'Aout,' 1681, torn, i , p. 483) ; but 

 they are not mentioned in the Code do Commerce. In England the 

 term is applied exclusively to officers of the latter description. By 

 the laws of many maritime countries, taking a pilot to navigate a vessel 

 on approaching port has been considered from early times to be obli- 

 gatory on the master. Thus, by the laws of Wisbuy, which were 

 promulgated in the 12th century, and were incorporated in the marine 

 law* of most European countries, it was compulsory on the master to 

 take a coast-pilot on board, though the merchant or master opposed it. 

 (' Ordonnances do Wisbuy,' art. 44.) A similar provision is found in 

 the ' Consolato del Mare.' (Boucher, ' Consulat de la Mer,' vol. ii.) 



