1'INK APPLE. 



PIPE. 



rally auppoMd to to aonwwhat higher than the ineau u( tlin tui. 

 owing tu the greater capacity of the coil for retaining caloric. The 

 discrepancy, however, c.miot be great ; and if the mean Uuo*pherio 

 temperature at the equator be from 80* to 84*, aa DM been ascer- 

 tained from numeroua observation*, the temperature of Uie noil, it may 

 be presumed, will not arrage lower ; nor will it be many degree* 

 higher where mofcture sufficient for vegetation exist*, aa ia generally 

 the eoae in ialandi; although on continent* it becomes *o great a* to 

 reduce the anil to a deeert. The temperature of the earth a foot 

 below the (urfaoe, in New Grenada, ia 86 during summer, aooording 

 to a correepondent of Mr. Hay (' Oard Mag.') ; and this degree of heat 

 will be found a very good medium for the root* of the bkw-amle. 

 Bottom -beat then should never be Allowed to fall Mow 7/1. n 

 higher than 90'. 



Fine-apple* can be raised from needs, but in England this in rarely 

 done except for the purpose of procuring varieties. They are pro- 

 pagated initially from suckers. Formerly the crowns were used, but 

 the suckers are found to be more early productive. The soil in hi, h 

 tiny are planted require* to be rich. A fresh yellow loam, strong, but 

 by no means of a binding nature, with which is mixed a quantity of 

 oow-dung, will answer very well. The pots require to be well-drained, 

 and over the drainage some pieces of turf may be placed. Manure- 

 water, made by steeping ibeeps-dung or cow-dung, is occasionally 

 applied, care being taken that it be properly diluted. If the plants are 

 found not to be thriving, they may be shifted, without hesitation, at 

 any period of their growth. 



It is very imporUnt that a perfect drainage be at all times main- 

 tained. When pot* are plunged in tan, the worms are apt to cloee the 

 holes in the bottom of the poU l>y their excretions ; or a at 

 may occur in consequence of the pressure of the pot upon the tan 

 when it wastes and becomes capable of being rendered compact. 1'n 'in 

 _ whatever cause the defect proceeds, a good preventive may be easily 

 elected by simply plunging an empty pot, with its moxM rfmmtcnr</, 

 and on this placing the bottom of that containing the plant, closing 

 the tan round the sides of the latter in the usual way. If at any time 

 the tan should become too hot, it may be partially removed from the 

 sides of the pot. 



Moisture is essential for the growth of the pine-apple. The con- 

 dition of the soil in the pot* will of course indicate whether water 

 should be applied or withheld. But in summer the atmosphere should 

 be kept moist by syringing, part icularly before shutting up at night. 

 Ho water should on any account be used of a temperature many 

 degrees lower than that of the soil in the pots where the plants are 

 growing; it should not, in short, be applied lower than 75 , and 80 

 will prove a good medium. When the fruit is ripenim; "II. moisture 

 of course abould be withheld; and in damp cloudy weather in winter. 

 when it is an object to restrain rather than promote growth, they 

 should be kept rather dry than otherwise. Moisture will not prove 

 injurious when it is accompanied by a sufficiently high temperature 

 and a due share of light. The mode of heating by means of hot- 

 water pipes is undoubtedly the best for pine-stoves ; and steam from 

 the boiler should be at command, so that it may be introduced to the 

 interior of the house as occasion requires. 



Pine-apples may be grown under various modes of treatment. 

 Instead of being confined in pots, they are sometimes planted in a bed 

 of soil. This has been found to answer very well where good drainage 

 was secured, and where a proper degree of bottom-heat could be 

 applied. They have also been grown in pot* placed on shelves or on 

 sand ; tint mode, however, has not proved fully successful, for the 

 roots are subjected to vicissitudes consequent not only upon the 

 variation* in the temperature of the atmosphere of the house, but also 

 it hygrometrical conditions. 



nncipal cause of failure in the cultivation of the pine-apple 

 appears to have arisen from the idea that the plants will bear n much 

 lower degree of temperature than that above pointed out as being 

 natural to them. Thry ill apparently do no ; but although the plants 

 may continue to have a healthy appearance, yet experience prove* that 

 their vital energy is interfered with, and their power? of organisation 

 diminished, as U continually indicated by the fruit-stem being sent up 

 with only a few imperfect pip*. The stagnation of water about the 

 roots from defect of drainage, too much heat and moisture, or too 

 much heat and drynesa, or checking the plants by cold in order to 

 bring them to a fruiting condition, instead of forwarding them 

 naturally to that state, ore other sources of failure on the part of 

 cultivator*. With regard to the last, the only method that ought to 

 be taken to bring on the time of fruiting is to inspissate the sap, and to 

 augment the amount of secretions by gradually wi'hh Mini; i 

 and incrramng the temperature, at the same time admitting a little 

 more air than usual; and after this, by the sudden n\ -. 

 brisk temperature with more moisture. 



To richly manured (oil the large size of the pine apple* prod' 

 England may be attributed ; and to the men* that 

 ghm affords of progressively inspissating the juice* : 



of ripening, may be aacribed the superiority of the fruit to that pro- 

 duced in countries where the planU are indigenous, as alluded to under 

 A!ASAsa.*rtra, in NAT HIST. Div. 



Pine-apple* are now cultivated to a large extent in the Bahama 

 Island* for the Engliah market. 



/.* of. [BVTTBIU A 



risir A< ih. [TtmrnrBB.] 



IMMI'ICKIN iC,.ll,.O, t T). An amorphou* bitter organic imb- 

 alance contained in the leave* of the Pititu ii/lrntru. It ia soluble in 

 water and in a mixture of alcohol and ether. 



I'IMTASNIr Adi). (TAKSK A. ID*.] 



I'lMTK ic' _H,.ii,,,i. A saccharin* robstano* produced by the 

 action of fire upon 'the trunk of the /'mm afrrrYuina, in Cain 

 It 1s eaten by tho Indian*. It does not ferment. 



PINK. The flower so called (Dianllaa pUmmim) belong* to the 

 genus Uianthus, to which also belong the carnation (Dia*tk*t cariio- 

 7>Ai///w), the sweet-william (IHn\ilm* tVirtVidu), and others, and the 

 cultivation of all of them is similar. Although some of the ipeoies 

 are indigenous to Ureat Britain, by far the greatest number arc 

 native* of the southern part* of Europe; abounding in Germany, 

 Switzerland, Italy, and along thivhon-s of the Mediterranean, Black, 

 and Caspian Seas, inhabiting rocks, mountains, and dry, warm, stony 

 places most frequently, although occasionally living in saudy and 

 damper places. 



It is therefore obvious that the gardener must pay special att 

 to this peculiarity, and guard by every means in hi* power against tho 

 access of wet, unless when the plant* are in a state of free growth. In 

 the winter, when they are at rent, they bear moisture very i 

 It is therefore either upon rockwork or in pot* housed in winUr that 

 the specie* of Dianthus are best preserved. The soil in which they are 

 planted should consist of equal quantities of good fresh loam nii'l 

 vegetable mould, to which may be added a little horse dung and Band, 

 the whole to be mixed well, and allowed to remain for a season 

 before being used. 



All the species may be prorogated either by seeds or by layering 

 or piping. Both operations should be performed about the end of 

 May or beginning of June. Layering is decidedly the surest method, 

 as the young shoot derives support from the parent plant until it has 

 protruded rootlet* of ite own for nourishment. In this o]x>rotion 

 gardeners generally practise a method technically 'icing, 



which is frimply making a ulit with a knife, from a little below the 

 joint, \ip through ite centre, and then carefully pegging the young 

 shoot down as in the common way. Pipings are a sort of cuttings, 

 .ind will root freely in a melon or cucumber frame, which can 

 conveniently be applied t<i this purpose in the end of the season ; but 

 a? artificial heat is not essential to success, those who have not this 

 eom-rmence may succeed very well with a small hand-glass. 



If the pipings are not in a shaded sitviation, it is necessary to shade 

 them when the nun's rays are powerful ; because the rootlet* n 

 some time insufficient to supply the stem with fluid enough to counter- 

 act the effect* of evaporation. It is the want of due attention i 

 whirh causes the result of propagating the Uianthus by pipings to be 

 considered uncertain : if shade and moisture are supplied 

 sufficiently long time, there is little risk of the pipings not forming 

 young plants. 



When the young plant* are rooted they should be transplanted into 

 beds, about 6 inches apart ; the soil of the bed being a rich loam and 

 not leas than a foot in depth, and well drained. A* they begin to 

 bloom remove all but two or three of the flower-buds, and the flower- 

 stems should be supported by being tied loosely to sticks. 



PINK SALT (Ml. Cl. Si, CM. A double chloride of tin and 

 ammonium, used as a mordant by dyers. 



PINK SAUCEUS. [CAHTHASIIN.] 



PINT, the half of a quart, and the eighth port of a GALLON, which 

 is the standard measure connected with the pint. 



HNt'S NALSAMEA. [BALSAM, Balsam of Canada.} 



1'IONEEKS. There are thirteen picked men (artisans) in each 

 regiment of infantry who act as pioneers : these carry no musket 

 a (word with a saw back which acts as a weapon, and also as a tool. 

 I Besides which a regular complement of tools, such as picks, .-i 

 felling axes, saws, crowbars, is divided amongst and carried l>y tl.. 

 men, slung on their shoulders, or strapped to their backs. Pioneer* 

 are employed in the field in removing obstacles, and on the line of 

 march in rendering posts defensible, doing repairs in camp, or directing 

 working parties, Ac. 



PIPK (measure), a name given to two hogsheads of the old wine 

 measure ; two hogsheads of ale or beer were called a butt. 



Pll'i ni of air cuntnim-d in a tube and maintained in a 



state of vibration yields a musical Bound, depending UJMIII its ; 

 and (slightly) upon the state of the atmosphere. Our ob 

 the present article is to give such an account of tho theory of a 

 musical pipe as may, with the articles Aeon-Tics, CORD, HARM 

 SCALE, TIMPI:II.\MKNT, Ite., complete the statement of the leading 

 piineiples of sound and the doctrine* of in 



In this subject a distinct line should be drawn between those cir- 

 eutnatancce wliieh are nf easy and difficult explanation: for example, 

 I'fraon who th.. !<>"! ly understands the composition m 



iics], it is not ditlieult to 



it what the state of a pipe must be when in music.-il 

 but to explain how the action of a eiiri-ent nf air, as in t i 

 flute, or the joint action of the air and a reed, as in the clarionet or 

 reed-stop* of an organ, produce* and maintains this state of vilji 

 i* quite another thing. 



