6:7 



PIPERYL-BENZAMIDE. 



PISCIS AUSTRALIS. 



633 



may however be a compound, and contain two radicals (C, H, + Cio_, 

 HIO-,), each capable of taking the place of an equivalent of hydrogen 

 in ammonia. 



Piperidine forms crystalline compounds with most of the acids. 

 The hudrochlorale (C IO H U N, HC1) occurs in long colourless needles 

 very soluble in water. The oialate (2 C^H^N, C,0, 2 HO) also forms 

 delicate needles. 



Piperyl-wea, or the cyanate of piperidine (C 2 (H. 1 Pp")N. ! O or N(H 3 

 Pp"), O, CyO), is formed on boiling a solution of sulphate of piperidine 

 with one of cyanate of potash; it may be obtained in long white 

 needles. 



Mahyl-piperyl urea (N (H, C 2 H 3 , Pp") 0, CyO) and ethyl-piperyl urea 

 (N(H, C,H S , Pp") 0, CyO) are produced by acting upon piperidine with 

 the cyanates of methyl and of ethyl respectively. 



By the action of the iodides of the alcohol radicals upon excess of 

 piperidine the following bases are produced. They are oily liquids, 

 have fixed boiling points, and form well denned crystalline salts with 

 acids : 



Methyl-piperidino . . . . . N j p*.. 3 



Ethyl-piperidine N { |? 5 



Amyl-piperidine 



Excess of the alcohol iodide gives rise to iodides of the following 

 ammoniums. By the usual oxide of silver method these iodides yield 

 hydrated oxides : 



Dimethyl-pipe ryl -ammonium 

 Diethyl-piperyl-ammoaiom 



. N(C s H.,) a Pp" 



Pijxryl-itdphocarljamic acid. Bisulphide of carbon combines ener- 

 getically with piperidine (Cahours) : 



C,S t + SCuIInN = C,,H.,.,N,S t 



Gerhardt thinks the product may be piperyl-sulphocarbamate of 

 piperdine, viz. : 



c jH N i S 4 = Kkpp"H, S } 

 Piperyl-benzamide or lenzopipcride (N < p p H ft ) is formed on act- 



\ I Vy l4* 1 J U 3/ . 



ing ujioii piperidine with chloride of benzoyl. It may be obtained in 



colourless prisms. 



/ r p-y \ 



Piperyl-cuminamidc (N -j g 1 jj Q J formed from piperidine and 



chloride of cumyl, crystallises in tables. 



PIPERYL-BENZAMIDE. [PIPKKINK.] 



PIPERYL-CITMINAMIDE. [PiPtiusE.] 



PIPERYL-SULPHOCARBAMIC ACID. [PIPF.RINE.] 



PIPERYL-UREA. [PiPEitixK.J 



PIQUETS, or PICKETS. All armies and smaller bodies of men, in 

 camp or bivouac, are protected against surprise by small detachments 

 of troops termed piquets, thrown out on their front and flanks. There 

 are two descriptions of piquets, the outlying and inlying piquets, whose 

 strength depend of course on the length of front to be watched and 

 the liability of attack. The outlying piquet is advanced a consider- 

 able distance in front of the camp, while the inlying piquet generally 

 remains in camp ready accoutred to turn out at a moment's notice to 

 support the outlying piquets : communication between the two sets 

 being maintained by sentries conveniently posted for hearing and 

 observing any alarm in front, and if necessary by patrolling 

 to the advanced posts. The general duties of the outlying piquets 

 are to insure the safety and repose of the camp, to gain intelli- 

 gence of the enemy's movements aa early as possible, and even of his 

 intentions by examining the peasantry, and to prevent his making 

 reconnaissances ; with this object they are posted with a chain of double 

 sentries in front, on the same principle that light troops are extended 

 to cover a line, with supports in then* rear, and if far from the main 

 t-'Kly with a reserve also. Each company on piquet is divided into 

 three reliefs, one relief being extended on sentry while the other two 

 are in support, the sentries being relieved every hour during the night. 

 As a further precaution against surprise, and as a means of obtaining 

 information, frequent patrolling is directed along the front of the line 

 of sentries, and, if the enemy's posts be far off. along the roads in their 

 direction, as far as is deemed expedient. These patrols are preceded 

 by feelers, quick intelligent men ; and, avoiding all unnecessary tiring, 

 so as not to create false alarms, retire steadily, and if possible unob- 

 served, on the piquets, on finding themselves in presence of the enemy. 

 A strong patrol should always be sent out about an hour before day- 

 light, when the whole of the advanced piquets are also got under arms, 

 as this is the time when an attack is most likely to be made ; for this 

 :i. also, piquets are gennrally relieved at this hour, as a great 

 accession of force is thus obtained. In the daytime the sentries should 

 be on high ground, the better to observe the enemy's movements ; 



whilst at night they should have the highest ground before them, in 

 order to see an approaching party against the sky without being them- 

 selves'seen. The duties of officers in command of piquets is to give 

 immediate information of auy signs indicating the intention of the 

 enemy to make an attack, such as a strengthening of the outposts, 

 unusual movement of troops, noise of artillery on the march, &c. 

 Should an attack be made, the object of the piquets is by all means in 

 their power to gam sufficient time to enable the main body in their 

 rear to get under arms and prepare for action. Hence the posts should 

 be strengthened by breastworks, abbatis, &c., which the piquet should 

 defend as long as its flanks are not attacked. It is not the object of 

 piquets that they should defend themselves to the last, or shutting 

 themselves up in a house or enclosure be cut off, but rather that they 

 should retire steadily on the main body, disputing every available 

 obstacle ; but, at the same time, in an extreme case an officer must 

 remember that it is his duty to sacrifice himself rather than be driven 

 in on the main body before it has had time to form. 



PIRACY (immediately from the. Latin pirata, and remotely from 

 the Greek n-tipar^s) or robbery and depredation on the high seas, is an 

 offence against the universal law of society ; a pirate being, as Black- 

 stone expresses it, " hostis humani generis." " With professed pirates," 

 Lord Stowell observes (2 Dods., 244), " there is no state of peace. 

 They are the enemies of every country, and at all times ; and therefore 

 are universally subject to the extreme rights of war." 



Molloy, an ancient writer on maritime law, but whose doctrine it 

 would be dangerous to adopt hi these days, says, " If a piracy be 

 attempted on the ocean and the pirates are overcome, the captors may 

 immediately punish them with death, and not be obliged to bring 

 them into any port, provided this occurs in places where no legal judg- 

 ment can be obtained. So likewise if a ship be assaulted by pirates, 

 and in the attempt they are subdued and taken, and carried into the 

 next port, if the judge openly rejects their trial, or the captors cannot 

 wait till judgment shall be given without certain peril and loss, they 

 may do justice on them themselves without further delay or attend- 

 ance." (Molloy, ' De Jure Maritime,' chap, iv., sect. 12, 13.) 



" There is said to be a fashion in crimes; and piracy, at least in its 

 simple and original form, is no longer in vogue. There was a time 

 when the spirit of buccaneering approached in some degree to the 

 spirit of chivalry in point of adventure ; and the practice of it, par- 

 ticularly with respect to the commerce and navigation and coasts 

 of the Spanish American colonies, was thought to reflect no dis- 

 honour upon distinguished Englishmen who engaged in it. The grave 

 judge (Scaliger) observes, in a strain rather of doubtful compliment, 

 ' Nulli melius piraticam exercent quhm Angli.' " (Lord Stowell, a 

 Dods., 374.) 



The offence of piracy, by the common law of England, consists in 

 committing those acts of robbery and depredation upon the high seas, 

 which, if committed upon land, would have amounted to felony there. 

 But by various statutes other offences are made piracy, especially dealing 

 in slaves. (See on this point, Blackst. ' Com.' Mr. Kerr's ed., vol. iv. ; 

 and Abbott, ' On Shipping,' 140, 141, 142, 239.) 



Persona guilty of piracy were formerly tried before the admiralty court, 

 according to the rules of the civil law. This was altered by the statute 

 28 Henry VIII., c. 15, which enacted that the trial should be before com- 

 missioners of oyer and terminer, and that the course of the proceedings 

 should be according to the common law. Further provision was made 

 by the statutes 39 Geo. III., c. 15 ; 43 Geo. III., c. 113 ; 46 Geo. III., 

 c. 54 ; and now, by the stat. 4 & 5 Wm. IV., c. 36, sec. 22, the trial of 

 offences committed on the high seas is before the Central Criminal 

 Court, or the judges at the assizes. 



PISCES (the Fishes), the last constellation of the old zodiac. There 

 is in the mythological stories (which are unworthy of note) a confusion 

 between this constellation and Piscis Australis, presently to be noticed. 

 (See Qrotius, in his notes on Aratus.) The constellation consists of 

 two fishes linked by a string attached to their tails : they are not close 

 together, the upper one being close to Andromeda, the lower one under 

 the wing of Pegasus. The rectangular figure mentioned in PEOASCS 

 will be a guide to the position of the two fishes : the line of a Andro- 

 medse and 7 Pegasi being parallel to the body of oue fish, and that of 

 7 Pegasi and a Pegasi to the body of the other. 



The principal stars are as follows : 



Character. 



No. in Catalogue 

 of r'lanulccd. 



6 

 63 



71 



99 



113 



No. in Cat'ilogue 



of British 



Association, 



8105 



222 



2S3 



453 



625 



Magnitude. 

 4 

 4 

 4 

 4 

 3 



PISCIS AUSTRA'LIS, or AUSTRI'NUS, or NO'TIUS (the 

 Southern Fish), one of the old constellations situated directly under 

 Aquarius : the stream from the water-pot of the latter constellation 

 finishes at the mouth of this fish. It contains a remarkable star of 

 the first magnitude, Fomalhaut, which only just rises abovi the 

 horizon in these latitudes ; when on the meridian, it is nearly in the 

 same vertical circle with a and $ Pegasi. 



