It 



POLTOALA SENEGA. 



POLYGLOTTS. 



618 



UWtant marbles ; and we shall then, looking at the word iUelf, probably 

 oonclude that it * the application of come encaustic material, which 

 required to be nibU-.l in with, grant dexterity and with (till greater 

 refinement In the circiimlitiu of Nicuui, and of the o-yoAurfrKr 

 7nairrl (the encau>tic-|*inter* of statues) generally, the naked form 

 probably received only this delicate tint or varnish, tin- M. >> , positive 

 colouring being apphed only to the eyea, eye-brows, and lips, t tli<> 

 hair, the draperies, and the varioua omamenU of drea* ; and there can 

 be little doubt that marble atatuea, eapecially of females, must have 

 had a very beautiful appearance when carefully coloured in this way. 



But whatever reserve there may have been in colouring the finer 

 specimens of Grecian sculpture, and it i almost certain, from the care 

 nhown in the selection of the marble, that the colour waa not laid on 

 so thickly aa to conceal the material, it U quite certain, from Pausanias 

 and other contemporary authorities that the archaic statues which 

 were aimply object* of worship were entirely coloured, the fleah as well 

 as the drapery, with the strongest though, as would seem, with con- 

 ventional rather than the natural colours, and frequently indeed 

 clothed an well aa coloured. Statues of a higher class as works of art 

 often had the hair gilded, and the ears pierced for pendants, as in the 

 case of the Venus do' Medici ; and in many statues glass eyes were 

 inserted, with eyelashes of copper, examples of which are still extant. 



So direct and various has been the evidence brought to bear on the 

 question of Greek polychromy, that the fact must be regarded as 

 proved ; the extent to which it was carried is however less certain ; 

 while the desirableness of reviving the practice may be considered 

 more than doubtful That attempts, more or less partial, have been 

 made to revive the practice by artists of various countries, it is scarcely 

 necessary to mention. One of the must successful attempts U probably 

 that of Mr. Gibson [GIBSON, JOHN, in Bioo. Div.] ; but the admiration 

 which his Venus has obtained, does not appear to have led many other 

 English sculptors to follow his cxampl.-. 



The architects and sculptors of the middle ages pointed their lmil.1- 

 ings and monuments throughout, and with the strongest and brightest 

 colours ; but their system was rude and inartistic, being indeed rather 

 ecclesiastical than aesthetic in purpose. In some recent Gothic 

 buildings, and restorations of ancient ones, both in this country and 

 on the Continent, elaborate and costly, if not altogether satisfactory, 

 efforts have been made to revive mediaeval polychromy. 



(Knglor, I'dxr ilir Polycliromie der t/riecJiitclten ArcJtitecliir mid 

 .Srii/pfur and ihre d'rcn:rn ; Semper, Vorlaiijigc Jicmerkungen H6er 

 brmaltt AreJiitectMr und Plattit bei dm Allen; Quatremere de Quincy, 

 Le Jajiiltr Otympien ; Zahn, Pompeii; Hittorff, Architecture Poly- 

 tkromt chez let Greet; Stuart, Aiitiquitiet of Athent ; Penrose, Principle* 

 of Athenian Architecture ; Falkener, I)<tdaliu.) 



POLYGALA SENEGA, Medical Properliet of. The rootstock and 

 rootlets of this plant, collected in the southern parts of the United 

 States, are used. The rootlets are most potent The efficacy is 

 greatly impaired by age, so a fresh supply should be procured every year. 

 Neglect of this point is a frequent source of disappointment in using it. 

 Decoction is an objectionable form, infusion in cold water is best. 



Senega is a powerful agent in combating the secondary effects of 

 antimonial and other metallic .poisoning, such as lead. The bark in of 

 a dirty yellow colour; the odour disagreeable; the taste, at first, 

 mucilaginous, then sweet, then acid, but at last acrid, causing an un- 

 pleasant feeling of permanent irritation in the throat. The powder of 

 the root causes sneezing : it contains two sorts of resin, a very bitter 

 principle (polygalin), and the .acrid principle (senegin, which, when 

 isolated, is insoluble in water, but perfectly so when in its natural 

 state of combination with the extractive matter of the root), isolusin, 

 and polygalate of iron and potassa, Ac. It possesses very manifest 

 stimulating and touic powers, especially over all secreting organs, 

 whether the akin, mucous membranes, or glands. By its irritating 

 qualities it can act as an emetic, but it is rarely used except in croup. 

 In home forms of indigestion, attended with inadequate secretion of 

 saliva, it is extremely useful, but it is permanently serviceable in the 

 chronic ophthalmia of strumous children, as it promotes increased 

 action of the glands. As a gargle, it U an efficacious remedy against 

 the hoarseness occasioned by common colds. 



I'"M '.AI.IC ACID. This acid is said to constitute the acrid 

 principle of the bitter milkwort. It is a white amorphous powder, 

 without odour, and of a very irritating acrid taste. It is very slightly 

 soluble in cold water, but tolerably so in hot. Polygalic acid is very 

 imperfectly known, and may bo identie-il with naponic acid. It U 

 composed of ; 





 Hvdroftn* 



' ' 



55-70 



7-SJ 



36-77 



100-00 



l'"l Y'i:.\MY is the name of the custom according to whi.-h 

 man may have more than one lawful wife at a time, which custom 

 prevails in several countries. Polygamy has existed in Asia from tun, 

 immemorial, nn.l.-r the ..Id nUgtoM, and Mohammedanism fc 

 and confirmed the custom, kfonteaqalea pretends that polygnmy in 

 the East is the consequence <.f the fireaU-r nmnlirr of fi-n..il.- biitlis in 

 that country; but this surmise is by no means proved. Ai.oili- 1 



and a more plausible reason may be found in the premature old 

 age of the female aex in some countries. Niebuhr, in his 'Travels 

 in Arabia,' gives a curious conversation \vliieh ho had with an Arab on 

 the subject. 



The Romans did not practise polygamy, nor did the Greeks. Tho 

 barbarous nations, on the contrary, that is to say, those who were not 

 Greeks or Komans, practised polygamy, with the exception of tho 

 Germans, " who alone," says Tacitus, " among all the barbarians, are 

 content with a single wife. 1 ' (' German./ 1 7.) 



In the .Scriptures we find instances of polygamy recorded before 

 the flood. (Genesis iv. 19.) It was common in the patriarchal 

 and we have the instance of Jacob marrying two sisters. By the law 

 of Moaes it appears to have been tolerated. (Exodus xxi. B 

 and Deuteronomy xxi. 15.) But in the time of our Savior 

 indication appears of its being common among the Jews. Id-pn.li.i. 

 tion, or divorce, however, was frequent, and our Saviour (Matthew 

 xix. 9) reprobate* the custom. St. Paul speaks always of marriage in 

 terms implying the union of one man with one woman. In Cli- 

 countries, Polygamy has boon long since universally forbid. U-n, loth 

 by the church and by the civil law, under severe penalties, wlii.-l. in 

 some countries amounted to death. In England, it is an < 

 punishable with transportation, or imprisonment for two year*, 

 married man or married woman to marry another person during the 

 lifetime of the first wife or husband. 



The Koran allows a man to have four legitimate wives ; but it is 

 only the rich who avail themselves of this permission. The Arabs are 

 generally content with one wife. 



Polygamy is different from modern concubinage, which is the coha- 

 bitation of man and woman unsanctioned by any legal ceremony or 

 legal form. 



PO'LYOLOTTS (woAvyXarrra, from iroXut, much, many, and 

 y\urra, a tongue), books in several languages. The application of tli- 

 word is restricted to the Bihle, which ln-int; a roll.-rtinn of 

 written by various persons, at various times, and on various miljj. 

 called Biblia (books), and a Polyglott Bible is therefore called ! 

 Polyglotta. 



The idea of a Polyglott Bible seems to have been first conceived in 

 the 3rd century, by Origen, who spent many years of immense labour 

 in forming the Old Testament into such a work. This is commonly 

 called Biblia Hexapla, the Bible in six columns. The six columns 

 consisted of 1, the Hebrew text ; 2, the Hebrew in Greek characters ; 

 3, the Greek version of Aquila ; 4, the Greek version of Symmachus ; 

 6, the Septuagint ; 6, the Greek version of Theodotion. These six 

 columns went through the work ; but some portions were in eight 

 columns and others in nine, and with reference to these portion 

 called Octapla and Enncapla. Considered apart from the Hi 

 and the Hebrew in Greek characters, it is called Tetrapla, the Bible in 

 four columns. Though two languages only were used in the form > 

 tion of this work, it might not improperly be called a Polyglott. It is 

 to be lamented that, except in the Septuagint, only a few fragni. 

 Origen's performance have come down to us. These were published 

 by Montfaucon, in two vols. folio, Paris, 1714, under the title llrxn- 

 plorum Originis quae supcrsunt.' 



Among the moderns, Aldus Manutius first planned a Polyglott in 

 Hebrew, Greek, and Latin; but he never printed more than one 

 sheet, a copy of which, supposed to be the only one in existence, 

 is in the royal library at Paris. Its date is 1501. Since that time 

 various Polyglotta have been published, of which the principal are the 

 following : 



I. The Complutensian Polyglott. This was printed at Complutnm, 

 the Latin name of Alcala de Henares in Spain. It was begun in 

 1502, and finished in 1517, but it was not published before 

 It was patronised by Cardinal Francis Ximeiien [CisxEHOS, in Bioo. Div.], 

 who employed seven learned men competent for the undertaking, and 

 who munificently defrayed the entire expenses of its publication. This 

 noble work was dedicated by it* patron to Pope Leo X. It i>- 

 volumes, folio. In the Old Testament each page consists of three 

 columns, the left-hand page presenting the Hebrew, the Vulgate, 

 and the Septuagint, and the right-hand the Septuagint, the Vulgate, 

 and the Hebrew, with Hebrew primitives in the outer margin. :m.l 

 a supralineary Latin interpretation of the Septuagint. At the lower 

 part of the page is a Chaldee paraphrase with a Latin interpreta- 

 tion, in two columns. In the New Testament each page has two 

 columns, consisting of the Greek text and the Latin Vulgate with 

 marginal references. The Greek Testament of this Polyglott is 

 remarkable as being the first complete edition ever printed. Besides 

 a variety of prefatory matter in the first volume, the v,hoV of il, 

 sixth volume, with the concluding part of the fifth, consists of several 

 distinct performances, making a large apparatus of elementary 1 

 literature. Of the Complutensian Polyglott 600 copies only were' 

 printed, and one is seldom met with except occasionally in public 

 libraries. 



II. Tli.' Antwerp Polyglott This was printed by rlni 

 Plantin.at Antwcip, I :.i>!i 1 :>T2, in eight vols. folio , r was 



Alias Montanua, who had about aix< The work wax pn I. 



lishcd under the sanction of Philip II., king of Spain, who is re] 

 to have defrayed its expenses, though some are of .'pinion that he 

 merely lent the money to Plantin, and demanded its repayment in such 



