I'OTTKHY. 



Urim. tb manufacture i-f hard porcelain U said to hare been restricted 



, mouth and Bristol, and only flourished there for a short period. 



U the rluw of the last century, felspar was first introduced into 



the Staffordshire ware by Spode, Bones or phosphate of lime were 



first used about 1800, and made an important change in the manunvc- 



ture of soft porcelain. 



At Lambeth, the site of early pottery, drift ware continued to be 

 made till recently, and stoneware is still made at Lambeth and Vaux- 

 hall ; potteries also existed at Kulhaiu, Bristol, and Leeds, in the 18th 

 century, and at Liverpool from 1674 chiefly f dclftware, where, in 

 1753, Sadler and Uroen first employed printing u|>i n pottery; and 

 Chaffer* here established a manufactory of white earthenware; and 

 another potter, 1'ennington, in 1 760, produced a very successful blue 

 colour, and imitations of oriental vases. The principal pottery here in 

 later times was the Herculaneum, established in 1794, and continued 

 until 1841. which produced China of a peculiar character, and stamped 

 with the name of the manufactory. At Lowestoff a pottery was com- 

 menced in 1757, lint abandoned forty years afterwards; and another 

 existed at Nottingham in 1641 ; and at Sackfield a pottery was esta- 

 blished for stoneware in 1713, but ceased about 1800; and an obscure 

 pottery was net up by one I'lncc, at York. 



Similar to pottery, but technically distinguished from it liy its un- 

 changrabiltty under extreme temperatures, its tnuislucency, and its 

 Bu|>erior hardness, is the material called Pomlaln. The term is of 

 uncertain derivation. The material, invented by the Chinese, consist* 

 of kaolin or alumina, and pih-tun-tze or silex, which according to 

 i.rtii.u in which they are mixed form a hard or soft porcelain. 

 It was invented at Stuping in China, in the time of the Han dynasty, 

 between B.C. 185-88, made considerable progress in the 3rd century, 

 A. P. under the Wei, and a blue kind was made at Tunggaon in the 

 province of Chekeang, under the Tain, who commenced A.D. 265, and 

 continued till A.D. 419; subsequently under the Chin, AD. 5S3, the 

 celebrated potteries of Kingtechin made porcelain for the imperial 

 court. The colour varied according to the dynasties, blue, green, and 

 white in turn* pre\ ailing. Porcelain was also manufactured in A.D. 

 :>.~i t in Honan, in A.D. 960-1279 in Soochow, and in the city of Tingchow 

 in I'lhcliele. Crackle porcelain was first made at Soochow, and the 

 other localities produced different colours and patterns ; but the prin- 

 cipal site was Kingtechin, which, commencing in A.D. 581, has continued 

 till the present day. In A.D. 1506, foreign cobalt was introduced, and 

 about 1:173, the delicate eggshell-ware was invented. 



Marks are found upon Chinese pottery, sometimes animals or objects, 

 at others inscriptions, principally imitations of seals stamped upon 

 books in vermilion or blue with seal characters. The oldest date 

 known is that of Hungwoo, A.D. 1368, and the practice has continued 

 till the present time. The principal varieties of Chinese porcelain 

 known to Europe are the pure white, the blue and white, or Nankin, 

 the Souuiali blue, the Celadon green, the marbled or shot, the 

 citron or imperial ware, the ruby blue or brown. Besides porcelain, 

 the Chinese extensively manufacture and use a terra-cotta, anil 

 unglazed and enamelled earthenware. The manufacture of porcelain 

 was introduced into Japan, B.C. 27, and the potteries are situated 

 at Imari in Kixen.and at Firose. The porcelain is whiter, of better 

 quality and stylo than the Chinese : but in other oriental countries it 

 appears doubtful whether hard ]x>rcelam was known. As early as the 

 8th century, the Chinese carried their wares to the coast of Arabia, 

 and in A.D. 1154, porcelain is mentioned by Edrisi. In the 13th century, 

 Marco Polo describes the manufacture, and in the subsequent centuries 

 it was exported to Barbary and Florence, but the first regular importa- 

 .is by the Portuguese in 1518, and an extensive trade was carried 

 on by the Venetians, Dutch, and English. Its first appearance in this 

 country was A.D. 1504. The irassion for collecting China appeared in 

 Kun-iic at an early period of the 16th and 18th centuries : Charles V. 

 in 1541, presenting a set to Maurice of Saxony; Louis XIV. ordering 

 services of porcelain from China; Mary the wife of William III. of 

 England collecting China ; anil IV, .1. rick Augustus of Saxony in 1717 

 founding the collection of the Oriine Uewolbc at Dresden. In' Kiifjland 

 the passion still continues, immense prices being given for fine speci- 

 mens of ancient Chinese porcelain. Two hundred yean after the 

 importation of porcelain, l:..ttcln-r of Berlin, in 17 l. r >, "produced a per- 

 fect white |Kircclain at Meissen, near Dresden, in the reign of Augustus 

 II.: his first attempts produced a red stoneware like jasper, or with a 

 glazing of brilliant colours, and Chinese patterns; but under sub- 

 sequent management, Horoldt in 1720, and Handler, a sculptor, in 

 <:, improved the jointing* and shapes; grotesque modelled 

 figures and ornaments in the floral and rococo style were cxten-u.lv 

 manufactured. The art, although guarded with jealous care, was soon 

 carried over Germany ; Stobzel, a foreman of the Meissen establishment , 

 fled with his secret to Vienna in 1720, and established a fabric which 

 differs in glaze and thickness from Dresden. Other manufactures were 

 p in Bohemia, and in Hungary; Ringler, a workman of tUc 

 Vienna factory, carried the secret in 1740 to Hochst, near Mayence; 

 and the establishment rose to repute under Melchior, a modeller, 

 a Saxon, established it at Keltersbooh ; in 1750 Bengraf, a 

 workman, woiked for the Duke of Bnmiwick t Funsten- 

 l"irg; Kingler also set up a manufactory in 1765, at Frankenthal, 

 which continued until 1800; and lesser establishments arose at 

 Nyinphenburg, and Baden, and Ludwigsburg. At Berlin a private 



, set up in 1751, was subsequently purcha.-. 



Frederick the Qreat, and attained an excellence and eminence which 

 it still retains. Other porcelain manufactories also flourished in Hesse 

 and Thui MU- i : and were also introduced into Itussia by the Empress 

 Elizabeth, in 1 7.">1, at Twerand Korsec. In Holland, at Amsterdam and 

 the Hague, and at Arnheim, unsuccessful attempts to manufacture 

 porcelain profitably were made; and at Copenhagen, at Zurich, and at 

 n the I I-., of i;.'iu va. with better success. 



The introduction of porcelain into England created the soft porcelain. 

 The history of the earliest manufacture is involved in much obscurity. A 

 manufactory established at Stratford-le-Bow was abandoned in the early 

 part of the 1 8th century .having been probably established in on early part 

 of the 1 7th century. The specimens were painted and modelled by 

 Miner, Bacon, ftc. At Chelsea, the porcelain or ijomruun ware, an it was 

 then called, was made earlier than 16'J.I. At first it imitated, in it.-. 

 blue and white patterns, the Chinese or French model* ; but Qeorge II., 

 the Duke of Cumberland, and others, procured sujicrior means of 

 manufacture from Germany, and under the management of S]n 

 it attained great excellence; but the potii -ri< -s were abandoned in 

 The vases were modelled by foreign artists in forms rcsc 

 Dresden, and painted by first-rate painters, while a fine claret colour is 

 said to be peculiar to this fabric. Many of the drawings an 

 beautiful, and the rases realise immense prices. On the aboudoi 

 of the Chelsea works a factory was subsequently sot up at ! 

 where the moulds, workmen, &c., had been transferred, but li. 

 been discontinued. Those of Worcester, founded by l>r. Wall in 

 1751, who is said to have invented the art of printing upon ] 

 not only attained, but maintain great excellence. At lit.-: 

 imitated the Chinese, then the Sevres and Dresden ware an. I 

 ornaments. Kockingham, established in 1757, is best known for its 

 brown or chocolate wore. At Colebrooko Dale in 1 756, at Nantgarrow 

 in 1813, and at Lock in Staffordshire, minor establishments of po 

 have flourished. The manufacture of haul prreelain in \'.\. 

 mcnced by Cooksworthy at Plymouth in 17115, and sul.x pi.-ntly 

 transferred to Bristol in 1776, was abandoned since that period, till 

 revived by the late Mr. Mintou in 1850. 



The soft porcelain of France was manufactured at St. CI 

 as 1695, and was succeeded by that of Vinccunes in 171 >. which 

 attained great perfection and modelled bouquets of great beauty ad. nit, 

 1754; but two years afterwards it was removed to E 

 patronage of Madame de Pompadour. In 1768 the accident 

 covery of kaolin and pihtunse led Macqucr, the superintendent of the 

 establishment, to the production of hard porcelain ; but the manu- 

 facture of soft porcelain was not entirely abandoned till 1804. Thi- 

 manufactory has produced the most beautiful examples of European 

 porcelain, distinguished by the beauty and brilliancy of its c< 

 the dark and light blue, yellow, green, and Dubarry, or rose pink, and 

 the eleg jointings, after Watteau and other artists, alt ' 



the forms till 1785, when classical shapes were introduced, by no means 

 equalled its rivals of Dresden. The high prices and demand !' 

 elegant article of vertu have led to various counterfeits, the doc' 

 of old specimens, and the fabrication of modern imitations, so that it is 

 as difficult to detect spurious Sevres porcelain as false coin. Other 

 places, as Chantilly in 1735, Orleans in 1753, Arras in 17i>2, Tournay 

 in 1750, and Paris in 1773, manufactured noft or hard porcelain ; and 

 in 1735, at La Doccia, near Florence, a hard and a hyl i 

 was manufactured in imitation of oriental, Sr\ n -. and Capo ili Monte, 

 distinguished by its modelled forms. At Venice the manufacture 

 ceased in 1812. At La Move, near Bassauo, in Lombardy, at Turin in 

 the end of the 18th century, and at Capo di Monte, near Naples, a porce- 

 lain, finely painted and moulded in high relief with shells and figures, 

 is said to have flourished from 173(3 to 1821, an offshoot of 

 was established at Kl J'.ucn Kctiro, near Madrid, about 1759, but was 

 completely destroyed in 1812; but another fabric was subsequently 

 established near Madrid in 1827. A fabric of hard porcelain flourishes 

 at Vista Alegre, near Oporto. 



Although the use of vessels with plumbiferous glazes has been in 

 great part superseded by other wares, yet it is still extensively manu- 

 factured in England, Kranee, Germany, Portugal, and in Swit/.erland, 

 i localities using ditleieni processes, as the actual metallic lead 

 in Finisterre, and the galena in other places, as in Sardinia. The 

 manufacture of majolica has in fact Berar quite disappeared in Ki 

 into Naples it was introduced at the close of the ISth ccntui > 

 pieces of a peculiar kind were made ; the recent majolica 

 thin, with bluish white enamel and ornaments in repontsf work. Jn 

 Holland, a manufactory, the survivor of the delftware, still remains. 

 Glazed wares of a green colour are made at Smyrna ; in India, and at 

 Pegu. The use of stanniferous glazes in the !'. :-t Ins been continue, 1 

 till the present day, since on early period : they are still used in Turkey, 

 Asia Minor, and Morocco, with red ornaments on a white ground, and 

 oriental jrattems. At Shershel, in Algeria, lamps are made. In 

 Persia, as early as 1146, fayences of with white orn.-i: 



and of a golden colour at a later period, have bet n m.i'ie. In ' 

 the use of enamelled wares, especially for tiles and other architectural 

 ornaments, dates from the 10th or 1 1th centuries. 



The modern potters, like the ancients, often placed on their ware 

 inscriptions giving the name of the place of manufacture or of the 

 maker. Those on the early French and Italian majolica are initial 



