PULLET. 



PUMP. 



which, from not being mentioned in the article H.exonnRAOC, must 

 be alluded to in thi* place. The symptoms about to be detailed are 

 owing to IOM of blood, uterine hemorrhage during and shortly after 

 parturition being not an unfreouent occurrence. The more immediate 

 effect* of hemorrhage are fainting ; and where the IOM of blood ha* 

 been great, thi* symptom U aometimei ao prolonged as to be not only 

 dangerou*, but fatal. It U the more remote consequence* of Ion of 

 blood that we are to (peak of in this place : we hare seen already how 

 a combination of thi* with into*tinal disorder and other irritating 

 CSUM* give* riae to puerperal mania ; we shall now view the effects of 

 hemorrhage a* they are met with uncombined with the conditions 

 previously alluded to. ThU condition of system has been called by 

 the Fmu-h pathologist* a state of anicma, and is characterised by a 

 pallid condition of the skin ; great nervous excitability ; a throbbing 

 of the temple* ; vertigo ; tinnitus aurium ; a frequent, jerking, com- 

 pressible pulae ; a great tendency to faint on the slightest exertion, or 

 in the upright position ; palpitation of the heart ; halitant respiration ; 

 and, generally, great thirst. The treatment to be adopted in turn inia 

 from loss of blood, consist* in maintaining a perfect quiet of mind and 

 body, in a free exposure of the patient to fresh air, a mild but nutri- 

 tive diet, and a regular but not an over-active state of the bowels. The 

 symptom* we have just enumerated as arising from loss of blood are 

 sometimes met with, in a mitigated form, at a much later period of 

 the puerperal state, and arise from the drain occasioned by super- 

 lactation. The treatment of these cases is more simple, and consist* 

 generally in the weaning of the child, the adoption of a more nutritive 

 diet, and change of air. With respect to what are called milk- 

 abscessed, they arise from the inflammation consequent on over-dis- 

 tent i<m of the lactiferous tubes, and require the same mode of 

 treatment as is adopted in abscess when it occurs in other part* than 

 the breast. [AnscKss,] They are best prevented by permitting the 

 infant to suck within a few hours after delivery, and by repeating this 

 act frequently. When the secretion of milk is excessive, the bowels 

 i-lii'iiM lx- kept freely open by saline purgatives. 



Pl'I.LKY. A machine used in the art* for the purpose of trans- 

 mitting power, which consist* of a case with one or more openings, in 

 which a similar number of sheaves revolve upon an axle ; the case or 

 block is surrounded in the direction of its length by a band ending in 

 a hook able to be fixed to any point of support. The cord or chain 

 working upon the sheaf, or sheaves, either increases the power exer- 

 cised, whilst it decreases the velocity of movement, according to the 

 principles of mechanics; or it simply changes the direction of the 

 movement transmitted. Pulleys are either made of wood, or of metal : 

 the former being almost exclusively used for ship-building. In the 

 wooden pulleys the blocks are usually made of elm, the sheaves of 

 lignum vita?, and the axles of either wood, or of iron ; in metal pulleys 

 the blocks are made of iron, the sheaves of brass, the axles of iron or 

 of steel, and the bushes of brass. The proportions of the various parts 

 of a pulley are regulated by the width of the sheaf, and this module 

 itnelf must be chosen so that the cord or chain shall ride easily on it* 

 gorge, without working against the sides; the proportion of the diameter 

 of the axle to that of the pulley must be made as small as is consistent 

 with the strength of the machine, and the sheaves must be so truly 

 bored as to allow of their revolution without any friction against the 

 sides of the blocks. 



The term pulley is likewise applied to some of the narrow band 

 wheels used for the purpose of driving machinery gearing, especially 

 when they are of the description technically known under the name 

 of fast and loose pulleys, or those in which one of the assemblage of 

 wheels is made to revolve freely upon the shaft, without being able to 

 communicate any motion to the latter. In these cases the velocity of 

 the axle driven by the intervention of the pulley will be regulated 

 by the proportions between the diameters of the pulleys. [MACHINE.] 

 ULMONIC ACID. Synonymous with PJJEUMIC ACID. 



1' I " 1 . 1 ' IT. This term affords a striking instance of the great change 

 of meaning and application which words frequently undergo, for, 

 exclusively of the Latin termination, it in identical with Ptdpitum, 

 which signified that part of the Roman stage (distinguished from the 

 orchestra) on which the actors recited and performed their part*. The 

 French pupitre and the English pulpit both come from the same source, 

 but are dimimilar in signification ; the former meaning merely a 

 reading-desk, and rhairc (catktdra) being the term that corresponds 

 ritli our English pulpit The ambo of the early Christian* appear* to 

 have been different both in form and purpose from pulpit* afterwards 

 u*ed for preaching, it being rather a low platform on which part* of 

 the service were rang or recited. The most ancient pulpits now 

 existing are supposed to be those in 8. Lorenzo fuor dclle Mura and 

 8. Clemente at Home ; and these and other early pulpits of the same 

 kiinl an- of marble, with inlaid or mosaic compartment*. In the 

 church of 8. Lorenzo at Florence, and several other modern bawlica*, 

 there are two pulpit*, one on rach side of the nave. Great cost both 

 of material and workmanship wan frequently bestowed on pulpit*; and 

 some of them rank among the most celebrated monuments of art of 

 1. The pulpit in the baptistery of Pisa, by Niccola, is 

 hexagonal, and supported on neven column*, one at each angle and a 

 I one. Giovanni Pisano executed that in the nave of 1 1..- I >u. .,,.. 

 at Piaa, besides which there are two other* in the same church, <>i> the 

 opposite side* of the choir. The Payamo of Santa Croce at Florence, 



by B. da Majano, U greatly extolled by Vasari for the beauty of it* 



relief* and sculptures. The two ptriiami in S. l..-r. n/,> nt Kl 



are the work of Donatello ; and of the mastery of com ; i <layed 



in their reliefs some idea may be formed from the Kpecini' 



them in Cicognara'a ' Storia della Scnltura.' Notwithstanding the 



richness of such pulpits, and their elaborate execution, their general 



forms are not always the most pleasing or appropriate.) 



For a long time the pulpit appear* to have been treated a* an 

 architectural feature, being constructed, if not of marble, of the game 

 material a* the rest of the interior. Among numerous other examples 

 of Gothic stone-pulpit* may be mentioned one that ha* been mucli 

 admired, though it i* very impure in style, in the nave of Strastmrg 

 cathedral One of the most celebrated as a performance of art is the 

 magnificent oak pulpit in the nave of St Uudule, at Brussels ; the 

 whole is elaborately carved, and the pulpit itself i* supported by 

 figure* representing Adam and Eve expelled from Paradise. 



Of stone-pulpits we have only a few n maining in thi* country ; but 

 there is one in Bristol cathedral dated 1624, another in Worcester, 

 drawings and details of which hitter are given in Pugin's ' < 

 Specimens ; ' and others in Huish-Episcopi, Somersetshire ; Cooinbe, 

 Oxfordshire, Ac.; but old carved wooden pulpits are much more coi 

 Til.- Worcester pulpit, and a stone pulpit in the outer court of Magdalene 

 College, Oxford, are instance* of what may be termed arid piil/iili, 

 being made to project after the fashion of an oriel, from a ] 

 wall, and similarly corbelled below, instead of being supported fr< 

 ground. Another, still more ancient and curious- ami we may add, 

 more beautiful is that at Beaulieu, Hants, which projects from an 

 elegant open Gothic arch, and is supported, not on a corbelleil mi 1 

 moulded oriel-stool, but on a short reversed spire, whose angles are 

 decorated with small pillar-shafts, and the sides between them with 

 foliage. Besides pulpit* of this kind in the courts and cloisters of 

 religious houses, there were others called prcacliiny-croiurt, from which 

 sermons were delivered in the open air : Paul's Cross is a celebrated 

 and well-known instance. 



PUMP. A machine used in the arts, and in the ordimry business 

 of life, for the purpose of raising water from a lower to a higher level ; 

 or for the purpose of forcing it through pipes to lie distributed as may 

 be required. Pumps are occasionally used in similar manner, iu 

 dealing with other aqueous fluids, with trifling modifications in tln-ir 

 details, according to the nature of the fluids; and a peculiar class of 

 pump is employed for the purpose of either removing, or of di-tri- 

 buting air or other gaseous fluids. The general principles of the pumps 

 applicable to the respective kinds of fluids, are however so 

 allied, that it may suffice here to notice only the more common 

 descriptions of wattr and of air-pumpt, referring occasionally to some 

 of the most important modifications to which they arc subjected iu 

 order to adapt them to particular circumstances. 



Water pumps are divided into two general classes, called 1st, lufttim 

 pumps, or 2nd, forcing pumpt, according to their mode of action. The 

 suction pumps are those in which the atmospheric pressure is made 

 use of to force a column of water to rise in a tube, from which the air 

 has been withdrawn in such a manner as to leave a vacuum in its 

 interior. The forcing pumps are those in which a mechanical effort is 

 applied to the water to raise it to the required level. Evidently the 

 power of the suction pump is limited in this respect; namely, that 

 the column of water cannot rise beyond the level at which the v 

 of the column of water balances the weight of the atmosphere; 

 whereas the power of the forcing pump is only limited by the dynam- 

 ical effort employed, and by the strength of the machinery 

 Suction pumps are therefore only used in simple cases, and where the 

 water has not to be raised to any great height ; at times, combined 

 suction and forcing pumps are used, but wherever large volumes of 

 have to be moved, forcing pumps arc the only ones which are 

 habitually employed. The common lifting pumps are, it may be 

 added, simply those modifications of the forcing pumps, which are 

 used in cases where the quantity of water to be raised is not very 

 great, or where the height above the limit of action of the suction 

 pump is not very considerable. 



The component part* of all kinds of pumps are, 1, the cylinder in 

 which works, 2, the piston ; 8, the suction, or feed-pipe ; 4, the 

 various clacks or valve*; and 6, the delivery pipe. In the largo 

 pumping works for town supplies, there are placed upon the d< 

 pipes either some air vessels, or some stand pipes or water towers, for 

 the purpose of equalising the pressure on the distributing pipes, and 

 of obviating the hydraulic jar produced by the alternate motion of the 

 piston in it* up and down strokes. The motive power used in working 

 the pumps, and the various details of the pipes, pistons, piston-rods, 

 valve*, Ac., are so numerous that it will only be possible here to 

 describe some of the most important modifications of them. 



The cylinder is usually circular in it* transverse section, nlthoi 

 some case* it is made quadrangular, or even polygon al. l'"i -null 

 lifts it may be made cither of wood or f metal; but Hie 

 material wear* away too rapidly for works destined to bo used for any 

 length of time. The use of wooden pumps is, theri-f 

 exclusively confined to agricultural purpose*, or to ship*. 

 on account of their economy in the first instance; whilst 

 braas, is almost exclusively used for the cylinder* of puinpx empl<.\ "I 

 in industrial operation*. Of whatever material the cylinder may be 



