Vl'U 1TY. 



QUAUANT1NK. 



: . : :i t! ;.. . '\ : . . 



1075 fill .it- Friends not to tin-line, forsake, or remove tlmr pulilic 

 assemblies because of time* i>f i-um ring ; fur such practice* are not 

 rmt"***" 1 with the nobility of truth. 



Finally, there U a yearly meeting of representatives from all 

 churches of the *ociety throughout Oreat Britain and Ireland. Thin 

 meeting U held in London on the Wednesday after the third Sunday 

 in May, and remain* sitting many days. It receive* reports f the 

 state of the particular churches, and it imue* to them a general epistle. 

 A similar representative body or yearly meeting of women Friend* in 

 held at the same time for the general supervision of the religious 

 state of those of their own *ex, but they have no power to make 

 rule* for the government of the body. During the intervals of 

 the yearly meeting, the general business of the society is conducted 

 by a meeting termed the Meeting for Sufferings, which is a carefully 

 selected standing committee of the yearly meeting. There is a 

 general fund belonging to the society, called the national stock ; it is 

 formed by the voluntary contributions of members, and it is applied to 

 the publication of religious works, the expenses attending applications 

 for legislative relief in cases of suffering, the payment of the expenses 

 of minister* travelling in foreign parts out of the limits of any meet- 

 ing, and other public objects of the society. 



Whilst it is the duty of the individual members of the Hociety 

 generally to watch over one another in love, this duty is more especially 

 confided to certain officers of each sex in the respective meetings, who 

 are called overseers, and who, whenever any case of delinquency conies 

 to their knowledge, visit the individual privately, and labour with him 

 in tenderness with a view to his restoration ; but if these efforts prove 

 unavailing, they ore to bring the case to the monthly meeting, which 

 appoints a committee to exercise further care in reference to it ; and 

 if all attempts at reclaiming the offender should foil, he is disowned 

 as a member of the society by a document issued by the monthly 

 meeting and signed by its clerk. 



There are many wise provisions mode by the society for exercising 

 care over those who believe themselves called to the work of the 

 ministry. This care is more especially entrusted to the elders, who are 

 persons chosen for their spiritual discernment, and from having given 

 evidence by their fruits of the soundness of their faith. The eventual 

 recognition or acknowledgment of ministers as such rests however 

 with the monthly meeting at large, including all the men and women 

 members of the congregation. Monthly meetings are cautioned not 

 hastily to give certificates of competence to those who desire to travel 

 in the ministry ; but to take care that these are well approved at home, 

 are of sound doctrine, of good conversation, and in unity with their 

 own meetings. 



This notice of the Society of Friends ought not to be closed without 

 honourable mention of their constant efforts in the cause of humanity. 

 The Lancasterian system of instruction has found among Friends some 

 of its most zealous supporters ; they also early opposed the slave trade, 

 and in 1761 members engaged in the slave-trade were disowned. 

 Latterly there has been a growing tendency to modify the distinctive 

 peculiarities of dress and speech, and the desire for a certain amount 

 of conformity to the innocuous habits of ordinary society has received 

 the formal sanction of the annual meeting. For some time there have 

 been symptoms of a decrease of numbers of the sect, and in 1859 prizes 

 were offered for the best essay on the causes of such decline and the 

 means of remedying them. 



(' Rules of Discipline for the Religious Society of Friends,' London, 

 1834; Sewel's ' History of the People called Quakers,' London, 1834 ; 

 Barclay's ' Apology,' rthe edition used for this article is that of 1701, 

 London); and ' Memoir of the Life of George Fox,' 1839; also the 

 articles Fox, BARCLAY, PKXS, and GCHNKV, in the Bioo. Drv.) 



QUALITY (from the Latin t/italia), in the common acceptation, 

 comprises all attributes that can be given to a thing, with the excep- 

 tion of those of magnitude and quantity, and it matters not whether 

 the attribute* are essential to the thing or merely accidental. But 

 in speaking of the qualities of things, we chiefly consider those by 

 which they are distinct from other and similar things. This cir- 

 cumstance accounts for some expressions, such a* "a man or a 

 person of quality," in which the word quality is used synonymously 

 with rank, as the quality by which in oristocratical countries one class 

 of men is distinguished from all others. 



Among the ten categories or fundamental notions of the philosophy 

 of Aristotle, quality is the third ; but Kant, who has reduced the ten 

 categories of Aristotle to four, makes quality the second ; and accord- 

 ing to him it comprises the notions of existence, non-existence, and 

 limitation; or of reality, negation, and limitation; that is to say, all 

 thing* which come within the sphere of man's thought are, in the 

 category of quality, either something or nothing, or something of 

 which he can only say what it is not. In logic, affirmation and 

 negation are the <m.ilitics f a / / r <..<iViV/. 



QUALITY ol KST.\Ti:s. nlANTITY OK KSTATKS. [PRO- 

 J-BRTY.) 



QUANTITY. There is little hero to add to what lias been said in 

 the article M A'.MT cur, so far a* the mathematical notion is concerned. 

 The quantity of anything is the answer to r/uanlut 1 (how much ?) and 

 the considerations under RATIO are necessary to the precise answer. 

 Mr. Mill, in his ' Element* of the Human Mind,' has invented the word 



, since i/itanliu (how much) is answered l>y tuiiltu (so inn. lii ; 

 and he therefore use* quantity and tantity a* correlative words. Hut 

 in truth the meaning of /"<"''.*. a* generally received, doe* not refer 

 to the question, but to the answer : so that the word lantili/, if iutr.. 

 duoed, could only mean the same thing as quantity, unless the 

 meaning of the latter word were changed. If any one were to propose 

 that quantity should signify what it does at present, with the addition 

 of a reference to seeking, requiring, or asking, and that tantity should 

 involve the same notion, its object being considered as found, given, 

 or determined, undoubtedly the proposition would be a good one, con- 

 sidered apart from the difficulty of altering established meanings. 

 The word quantupiicily, as distinguished from quantity, means the 

 answer to how many timtt, as distinguished from how much. [RATIO.] 



The notion attached to the word quantity in the middle ages varied 

 i two extremes. At one end it signified the abstract idea of that 

 almut which i/unntiu can be asked: and in this sense it necessitated 

 the startling maxim that " quantity does not admit of more and less." 

 Thus we have not more right to say of a mile than of a foot that it M 

 the proper subject of the question quaniut, or has t/uantitat. At the 

 other end, quantity was a " thing which is }>rr te divisible into parts'" : 

 thus making the quantity to be the thing from which the notion arises, 

 which some called the ret quanta. This idiom is common in all time ; 

 and it has sometimes created confusion, and that in cvciv line of 

 thought, from agriculture to logic. We should ]>erfectly well under- 

 stand what a person meant who said that he had bought a hundred- 

 weight of sugar from Smith, and had sold <i m tirh to Jones, but nut 

 the fame quantity: and we should also understand the charge of 

 having made a blunder which might be brought against the speaker. 

 But there is no blunder at all : tin: phrase has always been in use, and 

 has lasted from the time of the schoolmen, of whom many ilcinn .1 

 'quantity as being rapersi tUt-ini/iilis in parte. Blunder begins win n a 

 person confuses this old concrete sense with the modern one, in which 

 ijuantity is the proper answer to how much ! on a thing which admits 

 of the notion of more and less. 



Quantity admits another important division. In some quantities 

 (now meaning rot /""'") ' e told the parts in joint and separate 

 existence at once, as in length, area, solidity, angle, time, number. In 

 others we have not the separate ijrception of parts, though sensible of 

 a whole which we are conscious might be more or less, Thus when 

 we see a foot, we see the inches : but when we feel a pound, we do not 

 feel the ounces. Some of the old writers say that it is essential to 

 quantity to have partc* extra partet : that is, to be of the first kind 

 now under discussion. But they cannot help admitting quantities 

 which do not satisfy this so-called essential condition. The truth 

 seems to be that only in the fundamental notions of mathematics, 

 space, time, and number, do we feel cognisant of the separate existence 

 of parts in a whole by the same means which make us cognisant of the 

 whole. In other things we learn by instruments, material or solely 

 mental. We should never have divided irtiylit into parts, if it had not 

 been for the invention of the balance : nor belief, if it had not been for 

 the calculus of probabilities, aided, in the first instance, by the d. 

 ness of the cases which are on the cards or on the dice. 



QUANTITY OK MATTER. [MASS.] 



QUANTITY OF MOTION. [MOMENTUM.] 



QUARANTINE. Quarantine regulations are regulations chiefly of 

 a restrictive nature, for the purpose of preventing the communication 

 from one country to another of contagious diseases, by means of men, 

 animals, goods, or letters. The origin of the term , ,\ hi. h 



originally signified a period of forty days during which a person w;is 

 subject to the regulations in question) is explained in the 

 LAZARETTO. The period of forty days during which a widow entitled 

 to dower can remain in her husband's mansion-house after his death is 

 also called, in our law, the widow's quarantine. (Blockstone's ' Com- 

 mentaries,' vol. ii.) 



Quarantine regulations consist in the interruption of intercourse 

 with the country in which a contagious disease is supposed to j- 

 and in the employment of certain precautionary measures res] - 

 men, animals, goods, and letters coming from or otherwise communi- 

 cating with it. Men and nnitnnl are subjected to a probationary con- 

 finement, and goods and letters to a process of depuration, in order to 

 ascertain that the contagious poison is not latent in the former ; and to 

 expel it, if it be present, in the latter. Quarantine regulations respecting 

 men and animal* are therefore founded on the assumption that the 

 contagious poison, after having been taken into the constitution of a 

 man or an animal, may remain dormant in it for a certain time, and 

 that a seclusion of a certain duration is necessary, in order to allow the 

 disease time to show itself, or to afford a certainty that the disease is 

 not there. Quarantine regulations respecting goodt and kttcri are 

 founded on the assumption that the contagious poison may be contained 

 in goods and letter*, and transmitted from them so as to communicate 

 the disease to men. 



The country from which the introduction of a contagious disease is 

 apprehended, may either be conterminous with the country which 

 establishes the quarantine regulations, or may be divided from it by 

 the sea. Accordingly quarantine lines may cither be drawn round a 

 coast, as is the case in France, Italy, and Greece, with respect t" the 

 Levant ; or they may be drawn along a land frontier, as on the frontier 

 between Austria and Servia and Wollachia. 



