893 



QUINCE. 



QUINSY. 



S94 



of disease, and possessed some advantages over the crude bark, the 

 insolubility of the woody fibre of which seriously distressed the 

 stomach. A brief notice of these can only be given here ; for fuller 

 details reference may be made to Pereira's ' Mat. Med. ; ' Royle's 

 ' Mat. Med. ; ' but the fullest exists in Dierbach, ' Die Neuesten 

 Entdeckungen in der Mat. Med.,' vols. i. and ii. Pure quinia is too 

 insoluble to admit of use. Some of its salts or solutions are used. 

 Cinchonia is more soluble, but it also is only given in solution or com- 

 bination. These may be classed under the acids, inorganic and organic, 

 and the menstrua or solvents employed to facilitate their administra- 

 tion, augment their power, or render them more grateful to the 

 patient. Of all, the moat common is the sulphate of quinia. This is 

 found in two states the strictly neutral, formerly called disul- 

 phate, and the bisulphate. The superior solubility of the former 

 entitles it to preference. Disulphate of cinchonine, and disulphate of 

 quinidina (both termed sulphate of cinchonia, and sulphate of quinidina., 

 though there are also bisulphates of these alkaloids) have the advantage 

 of greater cheapness, and probably equal efficacy. A combination of 

 an inorganic acid and an organic, in the form of a sulpho-tartrate of 

 quinia, in syrup, has been used, but probably it has scarcely any 

 advantage but from its greater palatableness, a merit found in a 

 saccharated solution of bark, or combining extract of bark with con- 

 fection of orange-peel, which renders it acceptable to children. Similar 

 i ties to this last combination are found in the officinal compound 

 tincture of quinia. Amorphous quinine, as it is found in quinoidine, 

 along with several other bases, is a most valuable form, and has the 

 great advantage of comparative cheapness, a circumstance which fits it 

 well for camp and hospital practice, since its efficacy as an anti- 

 periodic is unquestionable. In one of the forms of elephantiasis, 

 which is of a febrile character, and of malarious origin, and markedly 

 periodic in its nature, the utility of quinine is most striking ; and as 

 this occurs mostly among the poor, a cheap but effectual remedy is 

 most desirable. 



Hydrochlorate or muriate of quina has the advantage of greater 

 solubility than the sulphate, and seems, for this or other reasons, 

 -sets a superior power over some forms of quartan ague, par- 

 ticularly of a typhoid type. Nitrate of quina is very insoluble in 

 water, but easily so in alcohol. A tincture is therefore a good form. 

 ]'h '-pliate of quina is equally and easily soluble in water and in 

 alcohol either may be used as its solvent. In the treatment of the 

 nervous exhaustion of literary men, this preparation is of great 

 utility. 



Of the combinations of quina or cinchonia with organic acids the 

 citrate seems entitled to preference. It is of great service. On account 

 of its dearness sulphate of quina is often substituted for it ; but when 

 pure its curative properties seem very decided, especially against head- 

 aches of malarious origin. It may be taken along with lemon juice. 

 [ORANGE.] A syrup also is formed, which is acceptable to children. 

 Citrate of quinine and iron is a most eligible combination. Kinate and 

 tannate of quinine are both useful forms. Arsenite and arseniate of 

 quinine are forms of much utility, both in intermittent diseases and 

 in skin affections, i>articularly if, in the latter cases, associated with 

 sulphur. 



rate of quina in little known or used, except as a sulpho-tartrate 

 above mentioned. 



Acetate of quina is likewise little known, but an acetate of quinidina 

 alone, which is less nauseous than the sulphate of quinidina, or in con- 

 junction with this last preparation, is a very potent anti-periodic. 

 Acetate of quina and iron is also a commendable tonic, especially in 

 cramp of the stomach. 



Valerianatc of quina is liable to the objection that it has a most 

 repulsive odour. But its efficacy as a tonic in nervous affections is very 

 great ; and in Asiatic cholera it has proved a useful support. 



Hydriodate of quina is well suited to the debility of strumous 



I'"! KB* 



Hydrocyanate of quina is well suited both for some cases of iuter- 

 mittents, in which the sulphate, from its heating properties, cannot 

 be borne, and for all cases where a tonic and antispasmodic are 

 indicated, such as convulsive disorders, St. Vitus' dance, &c. 



Ferro-cyanate of quina is very soluble in alcohol, but not in cold 

 water, while it is entirely decomposed by hot water. It is appropriate 

 to tertian and quartan agues, especially where the sulphate cannot be 

 borne. 



Lactate, oxalate, and chloride are fitted for some peculiar cases, anc 

 have their respective advocates. 



The ammoniated liquor of quina is one of the best preparations, anc 

 one of the most speedily acting. In severe influenza and depresi 

 states of the system, it surpasses all other forms ; but some persons 

 cannot bear ammonia. Wines of quinine and wines of quinium exist 

 and are in request, but many owe as much to the wine as the quinine 

 for the favour they enjoy. 



Solutions of quinine, of hydriodate of quinine, and of valerianate o 

 quinine in codliver oil are vended, but rapid decomposition occurs 

 So they should only be prepared immediately before they are to b< 

 taken. 



QUINCE. The fruit so called is the Cydnnia vulgar!* of botanists 

 of which there are three varieties, the apple-shaped, pear-shaped, anc 

 the Portugal quince. The last is by some reckoned a species. There 



are also some sub- varieties of the others. The quince-tree is used, and 

 hiefly propagated in this country, for furnishing stocks for grafting 

 vith such pears as are intended to be grown as dwarfs, or when early 

 ruiting is desired. The Portugal quince is to be preferred for this 

 mrpoae, as its growth corresponds nearer with that of the pear than 

 he other smaller-leaved sorts. It is also better for the'domestic pur- 

 ioses to which the fruit of the quince is applied, such as marmalade, 

 and syrups or jellies. The propagation of the trees is easily effected 

 >y layering, but they root and grow slowly ; and seedlings form the 

 >est stocks, though they require two or three years longer than these 

 rom layers before grafting. As the tree vegetates early, it should, 

 when used as a stock, be grafted as soon as the weather will permit. 

 <Yom this not being attended to, a want of success has occasionally 

 >een complained of. The stocks should be headed down even as early 

 as January. Quinces are best adapted for light and rather moist soils, 

 in dry soils the pears grown upon them are rendered gritty. [CYDONIA, 

 'n NAT. HIST. Div.] 



QUINDECAGON, a figure of fifteen sides. 



QUINETINE. [CINCHONA, ALKALOIDS OF.] 



QUINIC ACID. [KiNic ACID.] 



QUINIC ETHER. [ETHYL.] 



QUINIA. [CINCHONA, ALKALOIDS or.] 



QUINICINE. [CINCHONA, ALKALOIDS OF.] 



QUINIDINE. [CINCHONA, ALKALOIDS OF.] 



QUININE. [CINCHONA, ALKALOIDS OF.] 



QUINOIDINE. [CINCHONA, ALKALOIDS OF.] 



QUINOlL. Synonymous with KINOIL. [KiNic ACID.] 



QUINOLINE. [CINCHONA, ALKALOIDS OF.] 



QUINONAMIDE (C.jHjNO,), Kinunamide. An emerald-green 

 crystalline product, obtained by the action of ammonia upon kinone. 



QUINONE. Synonymous with KINONE. [KiNic ACID.] 



QUINONIC ACID (C IS H 4 8 ), Kinonic Acid. This acid has not yet 

 been obtained in a separate state, but several of its derivatives are 

 known. The following are the names and formulte of the principal : 



Chloranilic acid C 12 H 2 C1,,O 8 



Chloranilamide C^H^CljNjO^ 



Chloranilam or chloranilamic acid . . . Cj ,,H 3 Cl 2 NO| i 

 Chloranilammon or chloranilamatc of ammoni^ CuH^NIIJCljNOn 



QUINONIC GROUP. [KiNONic GROUP.] 



QUINOTANNIC ACID. [TANNIC ACIDS ; Kinatantiie Aci-l.] 



QUINOVATIC ACID. Synonymous with KINOVATIC ACID. It is 

 sometimes called chiococcic acid, and esculic acid. 



QUINOVIC ACID. Synonymous with KINOVIC ACID. 



QUINSY, or Cynanche, or Angina, is an inflammation of the throat. 

 Nosologists, having applied the name of cynanche to nearly all the 

 inflammatory diseases in this part, have been obliged to distinguish the 

 different affections of the several organs included in it, by specific 

 names ; hence we have C>/nanche parotidtea, another name for mumps ; 

 0. tracheali, which is croup ; C. pkaryiiyea, or inflammation of the 

 pharynx ; C. Umsitta.ru, or inflammation of the tonsils ; and many other 

 species, named either from the organ chiefly affected, or the character 

 of the inflammation. Of these, mumps and croup having been treated 

 of in separate articles, the present may be devoted to the two last 

 mentioned, which are indeed those that are commonly intended by the 

 popular name quinsy. 



t'lliinni-hf jiliaryH'/en, or inflammation of the mucous membrane 

 lining the back of the mouth and the upper part of the throat, is that 

 which usually exists in a common sore throat, brought on, as it most 

 frequently is, by a change in the weather, or by sitting in cold or 

 damp air. It is usually a mild disease, and chiefly annoying from its 

 liability to recur on slight occasions. The extent of the inflammation 

 varies greatly in different cases ; it may be confined to the pharynx, or 

 it may spread from it over the soft palate and the tonsils, and into the 

 cavities of the nose, where it produces the additional symptoms of a 

 cold, or into the tympanum, giving riae to deafness. On examination 

 the back of the mouth and fauces, when thus inflamed, will be found 

 unnaturally red and swollen, and often covered with tough mucus or 

 lymph ; and from these changes there result dryness and soreness o 

 the throat, pain on swallowing, and a sensation as if the diseased parts 

 were closely constricted. 



A common sore throat does not need much treatment; warmth, 

 gentle purgatives, and sweating medicines, the avoidance of stimulating 

 food, and the inhaling of the vapour of hot water, or hot vinegar and 

 water, or the application of a large poultice round the throat, will 

 usually effect its removal in a few days. Sometimes however the 

 disease is prolonged in a slight but obstinate form, which is commonly 

 called a relaxed sore throat. In this condition the redness of the 

 parts affected is still observed, but it Is of a less vivid colour, and is 

 irregularly streaky, instead of being evenly diffused ; the velum also, 

 which is commonly implicated, is elongated, and it is from its 

 unnatural contact with the back of the tongue and the epiglottis 

 that the tickling sensation in the throat arises, and excites a constant 

 desire to swallow or to cough. For this condition the necessary 

 treatment consists of stimulating gargles, such as hot wine, infusion of 

 Cayenne pepper, very diluted mineral acids, &c., and if the patient be 

 in general ill health, tonics and appropriate alteratives. 



