9S1 



RECRUITING. 



RECTANGLE. 



h:vd no absolute effect after a fixed number of years, as a fine had ; but 

 inasmuch as the recoveror acquired an estate in fee simple, it had 

 effects very different from those of a fine. A common recovery duly 

 suffered defeated all the remainders and reversions expectant on the 

 estate tail, and also all shifting uses and executory devises expectant 

 upon it, provided the recovery was suffered before the contingency 

 happened on which the executory devise was to take effect. A fine 

 had the effect of destroying the estate tail by converting it into a 

 determinate fee. Accordingly if the tenant in tail who had the 

 immediate remainder or reversion in fee barred his estate tail by a 

 fine, he acquired a base fee, which was merged in the remainder or 

 reversion, which thus became an estate in possession, and subject to all 

 the charges and estates made and created by the person from whom 

 tin; tenant in tail derived his remainder or reversion. Besides this, it 

 would be necessary for such person on any occasion of selling his land, 

 to make out his title to the remainder or reversion. A common 

 recovery operated by enlarging the estate tail into a fee, and thus 

 absolutely destroying all remainders and reversions, but it confirmed 

 all prior estates or charges made by the tenant in tail who suffered the 

 recovery. Thus if a tenant hi tail made a lease not permitted by the 

 stat. 32 Henry VIII., or acknowledged a judgment, and then suffered a 

 common recovery, this would be a confirmation of those charges, which, 

 if there had been no recovery, would have had no effect against the 

 issue in tail 



The origin of recoveries is referred to the decision in Taltarum's 

 case 12 Edw. IV., in which, though it was declared that the estate tail 

 in question was not barred by the recovery suffered, the reason that 

 was given for the decision admitted that it might have been barred by 

 a recovery. In Taltarum's case, the tenant who suffered the recovery 

 was not seised of the estate tail under which the issue in tail claimed, 

 but he was seised of a different estate at the time of the recovery being 

 suffered. 



Recoveries were impeaehable for various reasons, such as defect of 

 jurisdiction in the court in which they were suffered, informality in 

 the proceeding*, and the want of a good tenant to the pnccipe. 



The immediate object of the recovery, as above observed, was to 

 give an estate in fee simple to the recoveror ; but the ultimate object 

 WM to commonly settle the estate to new uses, which were generally 

 declared by the instrument which gave the estate of freehold to the 

 tenant to the prsccipe. 



By 3 ft 4 Will. IV., c. 74, fines and recoveries were abolished, formal 

 defect* in those already levied or suffered were cured, and a simple 

 mode of assurance substituted for the barring of an estate tail by deed 

 enrolled in the court of chancery within six calendar months after its 

 execution. 



RECRUITING is the act of raising men for the military or naval 

 service, either to augment the numerical strength of an army or fleet 

 by new leviee, or to make good the complement of any regiment or 

 ship. The term may be used when men are obtained in any of the 

 ways which the customs of nations have sanctioned, or the necessities 

 of certain time* may have required ; but among military men it is 

 employed when officers, especially appointed for the purpose, engage 

 men by the offer of bounties to enter as private soldiers into particular 

 regiments. The officers, commissioned and non-commissioned, while 

 so employed, are said to be on the recruiting service ; hut the actual 

 engaging of men aa recruits is called enlistment ; and the laws relating 

 to thin subject have been already noticed. [ENLISTMENT.] 



Formerly private persons were allowed to enlist men for the army in 

 any way that they might think best; but these having sometimes 

 adopted, in order to procure recruits, violent and illegal means by 

 which the public indignation was excited, the government in 1802 took 

 the management of the recruiting department into its own hands ; and 

 now, by a clause in the Mutiny Act, any person advertising or opening 

 an office for recruits without authority in writing from the adjutant- 

 general is liable to the penalty of twenty pounds. 



In order to produce uniformity in the system of recruiting, and to 

 ensure the employment of legal means only hi obtaining men, the 

 mipni <>f this branch of the military service wiu? vested in 



the adjutant-general of the army, and both Great Britain and Ireland 

 were to several recruiting districts. To each of these was 



appni. Acting field-officer; an adjutant, whoso duty it is to 



ascertain, in respect of stature and bodily strength, the fitness of any 



it for the service ; a paymaster, and a surgeon, the latter <u 

 is to report concerning the health of the recruit. Under the inspecting 



are several regimental officers, who are stati< 



the principal towns of the different districts in order to superintend 

 the non-commissioned officers appointed to receive the applications of 

 the persons who may be desirous of entering the service. 



England and Scotland are divided into six recruiting districts, the 

 head-quarters of which are respectively at York, Liverpool, Bristol, 

 London, OUugow, Edinburgh. Ireland is divided into three recruiting 

 dfotricu, <> b head-quarters are Belfast, Dublin, and Cork, 



tficers are stationed at the various important towns hi 

 the district Meonlini; to the exigencies of the service. 



ure recruits, a sergeant or other non-commissioned 

 officer mixe, in country pliccs, with the peasantry at their times of 

 recreation: an<l,in townn,with artisans who happen to ' unemployed, 

 or who are dinatfofted with their condition ; and, by address in repre- 



senting whatever may seem agreeable in the fife of a soldier, or by 

 the allure of a bounty, occasionally induces such persons to enter the 

 service. 



The reports concerning the fitness of a recruit for military service 

 are finally submitted for approval to the inspecting field-officer of the 

 district, except when the distance of the head-quarters from the place 

 where the recruit is enlisted is such that it would be more convenient 

 to send the latter to the dep6t of the regiment to which he is to 

 belong : in that case the officer commanding at the depot is especially 

 authorised to sanction them. 



Officers employed on the recruiting service are not allowed to 

 interfere with one another in the performance of their duties ; par- 

 ticularly, no one is permitted to use any means in order to obtain for 

 his own party a man who has already taken steps by which he may 

 become engaged to another. 



RECTANGLE (or right angled), the name given to any figure of 

 which all the angles are right angles. Hence the figure having as 

 many right angles as sides in the sum of its angles, must be foursided ; 

 for none but a foursided figure has the sum of its angles equal to 

 four right angles. It is unnecessary to give a diagram of the most 

 common of all the forms of art ; the page of this book may serve as an 

 instance. 



The properties of the rectangle, to which it owes its importance in a 

 mathematical point of view, consist of one which it shares in common 

 with all parallelograms, and one which marks it as the most simple 

 of parallelograms. Every parallelogram, and the rectangle aruou 

 the rest, may be divided in au infinite number of ways into parallelo 

 grams having the same angles as the original parallelogram ; and if any 

 parallelogram be divided into others by lines drawn parallel to one only 

 of the sides, the smaller parallelograms bear to the whole the same ratios 

 which their several bases bear to the whole base. Also the area of a rec- 

 tangle may be immediately deduced from nothing but the length of its 

 two sides. If as a superficial unit we choose a rectangle having the sides 

 A and B, it may immediately be told how many times and parts of 

 times any other rectangle contains the unit. Measure one side, and 

 see how many times it contains A (say 25) ; measure the other side, 

 and see how many times it contains B (say 3f ) ; then the product of 

 2* and 3J, or 



8 23 184 16 



3 x J,OT -jjj-, or 8 2^, 



is the number of times which the rectangle to be measured contains 

 the unit rectangle. This may be shown as follows : 



Let p Q E s be the rectangle to be measured, and p T tr v the unit 

 rectangle, p u being A, and p T being B. The rectangle R Q is so drawn 

 that p B contains 2| of A, and p Q contains 3^ of B. The whole rectangle 

 is obviously divided into six rectangles of the size of p v : six at the 

 top, each of which is one-third of p v ; four on the right, each of which 

 is one-seventh of P v ; and four higher up on the right, each of which 

 is the twenty -first part of P v. We have then, on the whole, r v 

 repeated 



6 4 4 / 2\ 



21 



or 2 + 



times. 



In practice it is most convenient to make P T and p v equal to oue 

 another, and equal to the unit used in measuring lengths. Hence the 

 rule for finding the area of a rectangle is : multiply together the 

 number of linear units in the two sides, and the result is the number 

 of square units (or squares on the linear unit) in the rectangle. This 

 rule is abbreviated as follows : the product of the sides of a rectangle 

 is the area; an abbreviation which often confuses the mind of a 

 beginner, who imagines that two lines can be multiplied together 

 [MULTIPLICATION], and that the rectangle, that is, the very shape of 

 the rectangle, is the product ; a mistake precisely that of a person who 

 should imagine that the very silver of ten shillings could be multiplied 

 by seven yards of stuff, and that the product could be seventy 

 shillings. Now seven yards of stuff at ten shillings a yard certainly 

 cost as many shillings as there are units in 7 X 10 ; and a rectangle 

 whose sides are seven and ten feet certainly contains as many square 

 feet as there are units in 7 x 10 ; but seven feet can no more be 

 multiplied by ten feet than seven shillings by ten yards of silk. 



When however given words imply a false proposition, there are two 

 modes of proceeding, either to alter the words or to alter the meaning 

 of the words. If a person should bo so accustomed to talk of 

 multiplying concrete quantities together that he cannot avoid it, he 

 must learn to define multiplication a the finding of a fourth pro- 



