RED. 



REDOUT. 



church upon pain of punishment by the censures of the church, and a 

 forfeiture of twelve pence. By 2S Eliz., c. 1, every person above the 

 age of sixteen years who shall not repair to church, forfeits for every 

 month which he forbears, twenty pounds, and by 35 Eliz., c. 1, if 

 recusants within three months after conviction refuse to submit, they 

 may be compelled to abjure the realm ; and if they do not depart, or 

 if they return without licence from the crown, they are guilty of felony, 

 and liable to suffer death. 



The law recognised four classes of offenders under the statutes 

 against recusancy : those who absented themselves from the public 

 service of the church from indifference, irreligion, or dissent, were 

 termed " recusants " simply after conviction they were styled 

 " recusants convict " ; those absentees who professed the Roman 

 Catholic religion were called " Popish recusants " ; and those who had 

 been convicted in a court of law of being Popish recusants were called 

 " Popish recusants convict." 



The laws against Popish recusants convict were of a very severe 

 character. Blackstone says that these laws were enacted principally in, 

 terrorem. The truth appears to be that the first penal statutes passed 

 for the purpose of compelling the adherents of the old religion to 

 adopt the new, provoked resistance on their part; and this resist- 

 ance caused severer enactments, producing in their turn increased 

 resistance, followed by the im position of still more rigorous penalties. <( 



Popish recusants, in addition to the general penalties enacted against 

 recusants, were disabled from taking lands, either by descent or by 

 purchase, after eighteen years of age, until they renounced their errors. 

 They were bound at the age of twenty-one to register the estates 

 which they had already acquired, and were bound also to register all 

 future conveyances and wills relating to them. They were and are 

 [QuABE IMPEDIT] incapable of presenting to any living, or of making 

 a grant of the right of presenting at any avoidance of the benefice. 

 They could not keep or teach any school, on pain of perpetual im- 

 prisonment, and for the offence of saying or hearing mass, forfeited 

 certain sums, and were in each case subjected to a year's imprison- 

 ment. 



Popish recusants convict incurred additional disabilities, penalties, 

 and forfeitures. They were considered as persons excommunicated : 

 could not hold any public office ; were not allowed to keep arms ; 

 were prohibited from coming within ten miles of London ; could bring 

 no action at law or suit in equity ; and were not permitted to come to 

 court, or to travel above five miles from home except by licence, upon 

 pain of forfeiting all their goods. Penalties were also imposed in 

 respect of the marriage or burial of the Popish recusant convict, or the 

 baptism of his child, if the ceremony were performed by any other 

 than by a minister of the Church of England. Such a recusant, if a 

 married woman, forfeited two-thirds of her dower or jointure, was 

 disabled from being executrix or administratrix of her husband, and 

 from having any part of his goods, and she might be kept in prison, 

 unless her husband redeemed her at the rate of 101. per month, or by 

 the profits of the third part of all his lands. 



Prnteatant dissenters were relieved from the penalties of recusancy 

 at the Revolution, by the Toleration Act, 1 William & Mary, c. 18. 

 Thia statute contained a proviso depriving of its benefit any Papist or 

 Popish recusant, or any person that should deny the doctrine of the 

 Trinity. But in 1791, by 31 Oeo. III., c. 32, Roman Catholics were 

 exempted from prosecution ; and in 1813, by 53 George III., c. 160, 

 the exemption in the Toleration Act, as to persons denying the doctrine 

 of the Trinity, was repealed. The statutes against recusancy, though 

 never enforced, still subsist with respect to persons who, not being 

 Roman Catholics or Protestant dissenters, absent themselves from the 

 service of the Church. 



RED. [CALICO PKIXTIM; ; DYEINO; ENAMEL; PAINTING, HOUSE.] 

 i.KAD. [LKAD: Sed lead.] 



RED OCHRE. [COLOURING MATTERS.] 



REDAN is thfl simplest kind of work employed in field fortification, 

 and it consists generally of a parapet of earth, divided on the plan into 

 two faces, which make with one another a salient angle, or one whose 

 vertex is towards the enemy. Existing alone, the work is capable of 

 making but a feeble defence, since ita faces are not defended by any 

 flanking fire ; and, being open at the gorge or rear, the enemy may 

 easily enter it in that direction. It can therefore be of use only at an 

 outpost, to afford a momentary cover for troops who are to retire when 

 a superior force advances against them. A redan may however be 

 advantageously placed to cover the head of a bridge, the entrance into 

 a village, or defend the ground in front of some strong redout ; a 

 series of them may also be constructed along the front of an army, in 

 order to strengthen the position and cover the artiliery ; and, in all 

 these situations, the defects above mentioned cease to exist, since in 

 the first case the gorge is protected by the river, and in the others the 

 faces and gorges are defended by the works or by the troops in the 



tt T. 



When it is required to defend any pass immediately on the right or 

 left of redans, flanks, making salient angles with the faces at points 

 near the extremities of the latter, are given to them, so that they then 

 become what are also called bastions or lunettes ; and the necessity of 

 having a crossing fire for the defence of the ground in front, when the 

 redans are not flanked by other works, has at times induced engineers 

 to break the lines of parapet near the gorges, so as to form re-entering 



bends, and thus constitute a wing on each side at a right angle with 

 the face. 



Among the works constructed, in 1810, for the defence of Lisbon, 

 redans were frequently placed on projecting knolls, in front of the 

 great redouts, in order to flank the ground which was unseen from 

 the latter : their gorges were protected by palisades, or by parapets, 

 sufficiently slender to have been demolished by the artillery of the 

 principal work, had the enemy succeeded in capturing them ; and good 

 communications, covered by the inequalities of the ground, or by earth 

 purposely thrown up, were formed in order to allow the defenders, if 

 necessary, to retire in security. The strong stone windmills, which in 

 that country are often built on salient knolls of ground, were 

 occasionally covered by redans of earth ; and thus were formed good 

 defensive posts, to each of which the mill served as a reduit or keep. 

 During the struggle in the south of France, in 1813, Marshal Soult 

 caused redans to be constructed as outworks, one below another, on 

 the descending tongues of land which project from the main chains of 

 heights whose summits he had crowned by strong redouts. 



Two redans connected together, so as to leave one re-entering 

 angle in front, form a queue d'hyronde ; and the name of bonnet de 

 pretre has been sometimes applied to a work consisting of three redans 

 so placed. 



REDEMPTION. [ATONEMENT.] 



REDEMPTION, EQUITY OF. [MORTGAGE.] 



REDOUT is a general name for nearly every kind of work in the 

 class of field fortifications ; thus, a redan with flanks, a parapet enclosing 

 a square or polygonal area, a work in the form of a star [STAR-FORT], 

 and a fort with bastions at the angles, like the encieute of a fortress, 

 are occasionally so called ; but the second of these is the work to which 

 the term is more particularly applied, and it is that which we propose 

 now to describe. 



When a work to be constructed on level ground is intended to 

 contain troops and artillery for the purpose of preventing the enemy 

 from occupying the spot, and when there is an equal probability that 

 the work may be attacked on any side, that spot should be quite 

 enclosed by the parapet ; also if the defence is to continue only till 

 succour can arrive from the army in the vicinity, flanking defences 

 being then scarcely necessary, a' quadrangular figure may suffice for 

 the plan of the work, and there can be no reason why one side should 

 be longer than another, or why the sides should form with each other 

 any but right angles. But when the redout is to occupy an eminence 

 whose figure on the plan is irregular, the faces of the work, whatever 

 be the form thus produced, must necessarily be traced so as to corre- 

 spond to the different directions assumed by the brow of the height ; 

 and if the fire of the work is intended to defend some fixed object, as 

 a pass leading towards it, one of the faces must be perpendicular to 

 the direction of that pass. It may be observed, however, that in 

 general the number of faces, though not less than four, should be as 

 few as possible. The ditches of all polygonal works without re-entering 

 angles, are incapable of being defended by the fire from the parapet? 

 above, on account of the height and thickness of the latter, which 

 prevent the soldiers from seeing them ; and a curvilinear redout has, 

 besides, two defects which are irremediable : the fires from its parapets 

 are diverging, therefore they produce little effect while the enemy is 

 advancing up to the work ; and the ditch, on account of its form, is 

 incapable of being defended from stockades within it. These objections 

 apply with nearly equal force to redouts formed on regular polygons 

 of more than five or six sides. The French, however, made a circular 

 redout of casks for the purpose of strengthening the defence of the 

 isthmus at St. Sebastian, previously to the siege of that place in 1813 ; 

 and circular redouts of masonry are supposed to be useful on the sea- 

 coasts. In the latter situation they are not liable to be attacked by 

 infantry ; and their artillery, which is mounted on traversing plat- 

 forms, may be fired in any direction against ships or boats, should an 

 enemy attempt a debarkation of troops. [MARTELLO TOWERS.] 



Every work in field as well as in permanent fortification is surrounded 

 by a ditch, from whence is obtained the earth for the parapet, and by 

 which the difficulty of carrying it by assault is increased. The ditch 

 is generally crossed directly opposite the entrance by a bridge of 

 timber, which should be capable of being drawn into the work, or re- 

 placed at pleasure. The entrance into a redout is at a re-entering 

 angle, if there is one, otherwise it may be about the middle of one of 

 the faces on the side which is least exposed to the view of the enemy ; 

 and, besides being barricaded, it is defended by the fire from a traverse, 

 which is raised in the interior, and perpendicular to the direction of 

 the passage. 



Redouts for the defence of positions' are in general intended to 

 contain only about fifty men with three guns ; but works in the form 

 of irregular polygons have sometimes been constructed of a magnitu ie 

 sufficient to contain 1600 men and twenty-five pieces of artillery ; and 

 such were the two principal redouts (on Mount Agra?a and at Torres 

 Vedras) formed in 1810, in order to protect Lisbon. These were 

 expected to make a vigorous defence in the event of being attacked ; 

 but it is admitted that their trace, or ground-plan, was defective on 

 account of the want of flanks, and perhaps they would have been pre- 

 vented from falling only by the strong divisions of troops who were 

 daily under arms' in their vicinity. The redout constructed by the 

 British in the neighbourhood of Toulon, in 1793, for the protection of 



