REFORMATION. 



REFORMATORIES. 



991 



the reign of Charles V., the friends of the new doctrines in the Nether- 

 lands were persecuted as heretics, and many suffered death by sentence 

 of the regular courts of the country ; but after Charles abdicated, at 

 Brussels in 1555, in favour of his son Philip, the latter, in order to 

 extirpate heresy more effectually, sent inquisitors from Spain to 

 establish the tribunal of the Holy Office in the Netherlands. This 

 gave rise to a strong opposition both from the nobles and the people, 

 which, being mixed up with political grievances, led to an open insur- 

 rection against Philip. During the long war which followed between 

 the rebels and the Spanish forces, some of the provinces separated 

 from the rest, and the seven northern provinces of Holland, Zealand, 

 Guelderland, Friesland, Utrecht, Overyssel, and Groningen formed a 

 confederacy by the name of the " Seven United Provinces," and pro- 

 claimed liberty of conscience. The great majority, however, of the 

 population of the seven provinces followed the doctrines of Calvinism, 

 and have remained attached to them ever since. The confession of 

 faith for the provinces of the Netherlands was published in 1562, and 

 was afterwards approved by the members of the synod of Emden in 

 1571. The disputes that broke out afterwards between the Arminians 

 and Gomarists are related in the article ABMISICS, in BIOG. Dry. The 

 synod of Dort, in 1618, revised and republished the Netherlandish 

 confession. 



About the year 1556 the Lutheran ur Protestant creed was adopted 

 as the state religion in the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway, under 

 King Christian III. Denmark, however, as well as Sweden, has retained 

 episcopacy. 



The Protestants or Lutherans, as well as the Calvinists, became very 

 numerous in Poland under the reign of Sigismund Augustus, and many 

 of the high nobility had embraced the Reformed doctrines. An approxi- 

 mation was effected between the Lutherans and Calvinists, and a con- 

 fession was drawn up, in concert, by the clergy of both communions, at 

 Sandomir, in 1570, called " Consensus Sandomiriensis." The followers 

 of the Reformation, however, never constituted the majority in Poland, 

 and being afterwards persecuted under Sigismuud III. and some of his 

 successors, their number was greatly reduced ; but they were never 

 annihilated, and Lutheran and Calvinist congregations have continued 

 to exist in most towns in Poland. The most complete account of the 

 Reformation in Poland ia in the ' Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress, 

 and Decline of the Reformation in Poland,' 1838, by Count Krasinski. 



In Hungary and Transylvania both Lutherans and Calvinists were 

 established early, and they constitute a considerable proportion of the 

 population of those countries. The recent attempt of the Emperor of 

 Austria to repress them and to abolish their privileges, has led to 

 discontents, aggravated also by other infringements on the constitutional 

 rights of the people, of which the results are yet (1881) uncertain. 



The doctrines of the Reformation spread into Italy from Switzerland 

 and Germany at an early period, and found proselytes in several towns, 

 especially Ferrara, where Ken6e of France, duchess of Este, counte- 

 nanced them ; at Lucca, Faenza, Milan, and Naples. Several learned 

 monks and priests, the Capuchin Ochino of Siena ; Vermigli, a canon 

 of Florence ; Montalcino, a Franciscan friar ; Lorenzo Romano, an 

 Augustine monk, and others, adopted and preached the new tenets. 

 Meetings and private places of worship were established in various 

 towns. Paul III., alarmed at this change, established, in 1543, the 

 Congregation of the Holy Office at Rome, with full powers to proceec 

 against heretics independent of the ordinaries; and he also sent iuquisi 

 torial commissioners into the various provinces of Italy for the same 

 purpose. By these means he effectually checked the course of the 

 Reformation, and his successors Paul IV. and Pius V. completed its 

 extirpation by the most severe measures. Many of the followers of the 

 Reformed doctrines suffered death either by tire or by the sword of the 

 executioner. [Pius V., in BIOG. Drv.] Numerous families emigratec 

 to Switzerland on account of religion, especially from Tuscany am 

 Lombardy. A considerable district of Calabria, near Cosenza, which 

 is said to have been originally peopled by a colony from the valleys o 

 Piedmont, having publicly adopted the tenets of the Reformation, anc 

 sent for some Calvinist preachers from Geneva to teach them and tlirh 

 neighbours, the Duke of Alcala, Spanish viceroy of Naples, about 1560 

 sent several inquisitors with a body of armed men, who arrested anc 

 put to death many people in the village of San Sisto. Upon this the 

 neighbouring villages broke out into open revolt. The town of La 

 Guardia Lombards sustained a regular siege. Being taken at last, a 

 general massacre of the inhabitants took place, with circumstances o 

 the greatest atrocity. (Botta, ' Storia d'ltalia,' b. x.) 



In Spain, the doctrines of Luther and Calvin spread in the Ifitl 

 century, and made numerous proselytes at Seville and other places 

 but the arm of the Inquisition effectually eradicated them. M'Crie 

 has written the history of the rise, progress, and extinction of the 

 Reformation both in Spain and in Italy. 



Among those authors who have written or commented upon the his 

 tory of the Reformation, the following deserve notice : Among the Pro 

 tea tan U Sleidan, DeStatu lieligionis et RafiMieo, Carulo f/uinto Cceiar 

 Commentarii, first published in 1555, and translated into English by 

 >hun, with a continuation to the end of the Council of Trent in 

 !, and published in 1589; Spalatinus, Annales Reformatlonit 

 Beausobre, JJittoire dc la Reformation ; Burnet, lliatonj of the Itefitrmu 

 turn; Seckendorf, Commentariu Jlittorico-Apoloyetlcus de Lut/ieranismo 

 LonchcriM, Acta et Ducumenta, Reformationu : and among the Roman 

 ARTS AD SCI. DIV. VOL. VI. 



Catholics Maimbourg, Histaire du Lutheranismc ; Pallaviciui, 

 Historia Conciiii Tridentini ; Bossuet, Histoire des Variations des 

 fylises Pi-otestantes ; besides the general historians of the Church. 



REFORMATORIES. By the Acts 17 & 18 Viet. cc. 80 and 169, 

 nd 20 & 21 Viet. cc. 48 and 109, various provisions are made by which 

 uagistrates may send juvenile offenders to reformatories, instead of to 

 >rison, there to be detained for certain periods, at the discretion of the 

 magistrate before whom the young delinquent is charged. The 

 eformatories must be inspected and certified by a government 

 nspector before they are legally entitled to receive juvenile offenders 

 under the Acts referred to. Parents who have sufficient means are 

 >ound to pay a certain amount towards the expense of maintaining 

 heir children while detained in reformatories. Several reformatories 

 or adult criminals, both male and female, are likewise in operation. In 

 .856 an institution called the Reformatory and Refuge Union was 

 established in London, for the purpose of promoting the extension of 

 reformatory operations. From a statement published by this Union, it 

 appears that there were at the commencement of 1860, in England and 

 Wales, 57 reformatories, with accommodation for about 4500 inmates ; 

 n Scotland 17, with accommodation for 1840 inmates; and in Ireland 

 6, with accommodation for 680 inmates. The accommodation indicated 

 >y these figures does not show the actual number of inmates at the 

 ,iine referred to, as many of the houses were only partially occupied. 



The reformatory best known, and on the largest s-cale in this country, 

 s that of the Philanthropic Society at Red Hill, near Reigate, Surrey. 

 The founder of the Philanthropic Society, Robert Young, commenced 

 lis efforts on behalf of the children of criminals in 1788. He took in 

 succession four small houses at Hackney for their reception, and placed 

 n each a mechanic or artisan to instruct them in useful labour. The 

 society was incorporated in 1S06, a;id increased in importance and in 

 usefulness. For the last eleven years its extensive operations have 

 jeen carried on at Red Hill, where the society's farm occupies an area 

 of about 240 acres. By the Act of Incorporation, the objects of the 

 society are defined to be the children of convicted felons, or children 

 who have themselves been guilty of criminal practices ; and of late 

 years admissions have been principally of the last class, especially 

 juvenile offenders sentenced to detention under the Act 17 and 18 

 Viet. c. 86, and 19 & 20 Viet. c. 109. To be eligible for admission, 

 the boy must be under fifteen years of age, of sound bodily health, and 

 capable of receiving mental instruction and industrial training. ' By 

 special arrangement, this institution receives juvenile offenders from 

 the eastern division of the county of Sussex, from the counties of 

 Surrey, Somerset, Notts, Salop, Lincoln, Montgomery, and Oxford ; 

 from the Isle of Ely ; from the boroughs of Nottingham, Hastings, 

 Brighton, and Reading ; and from the city of London. In consideration 

 of the voluntary subscriptions received from the public, a limited 

 number of boys are received into the establishment free of charge. 

 The number of boys under the society's care at one time is usually 

 about 260 ; they are divided into five sections or " families,' each with 

 a separate house, and a master or " father." This plan was adopted 

 from the system so admirably carried out at Mettray by M. Demetz, 

 although, the families at Red Hill being larger in number than those 

 at Mettray. the control of the master is not so effective. The sepa- 

 ration of the families, however, is so well kept up that, except at 

 chapel, many of the boys never see each other. The boys learn and 

 work alternately, half of the number being at school while the other 

 half are employed as shoemakers, as tailors, as assistants in the dairy, 

 in brickmaking, or at farm-work. Each school has a playground 

 attached. There is also a bathing-pool, which, under proper regu- 

 lations, is frequently used. The boys generally enjoy good health. 

 The establishment is made to produce as much for its own support as 

 possible : thus all the shoes, clothes, &c., required for the boys are 

 made in their own workshops ; grain, potatoes, and garden-stutts are 

 raised on the farm ; the dairy supplies the milk and butter required, 

 and is in such repute that the surplus produce is in great demand in 

 the neighbourhood. Bread is made on the establishment. It is 

 pleasing to visitors to observe the excellent feeling which prevails 

 between the boys and the masters and the officers of the institution. 

 The conduct of the boys at chapel is exceedingly decorous : in giving 

 the responses, and in accompanying with their voices the neat little 

 organ placed in the chapel, they manifest a gratifying amount of 

 earnestness. Forty-five of the boys were confirmed by the Bishop of 

 Winchester in May, 1859. The disposition of the boys may to some 

 extent be judged of from the circumstance that, of 159 boys who were 

 out on leave during 1859, only 4 did not return to time. Nineteen 

 deserted the school during the year. Five had to be committed to 

 prison. 



Among the sources of income of the Philanthropic Society, the 

 following may be noticed : The profit of the farm-work in 1859 was 

 448/. ; on brick-making, 106/. The amount of work done by the boys 

 for employers in the neighbourhood was loti/. ; while upwards of 6000/. 

 was received from government under the Reformatory Acts. The out- 

 lay for training and maintenance was, on an average, about 20 guineas 

 for each boy ; the total expenditure was 7200/. 



The number of boys received during 1859 was 99; of these about 

 half had lost father or mother, or both ; many were the children of 

 drunken and immoral parents. Of those discharged during the year, 

 43 emigrated, 6 were apprenticed, 5 sent to service, 4 to sea, and 85 



8s 



