1017 



. RELATIVE MAGNITUDE. 



RELEASE. 



1013 



Let 1, m, denote not-L, not-M, so that Ix contains all which is nol 

 related to x iu the relation L. Let L and 1 be called contrary relations 

 Let x . . LY denote that x is an (some one) L of Y : and let x . L Y 

 denote that x is not any L of Y. Here x is the subject, and Y the 

 predicate, oi the relation. Hence X..LY and x.lYare of identica 

 meaning. Let an L of an M be signified by L M. 



Let L~' x (which may be read L-verse of x) be the converse relation 

 of x : that is, Y . . LX and x . . L~ l Y have the same meaning : anc 

 Y . . LX, Y . Ix, x . . L- 1 Y, x . 1-' Y, are all of one meaning. 



Let I.M' signify an L of every M, and L, M au L of none but MS. Lei 

 these accents be called signs of inherent quantity. Note that contra 

 version of both relations, the sign of inherent quantity being shifted 

 makes no alteration of meaning : thus LM' is l,m, and L,M is 1m'. 



Converses of contraries are contraries. Contraries of converses are 

 converses. The contrary of a converse is the converse of the contrary. 

 Thua 1 ' and L ' are contraries : not-L and not-L~' are converses : and 

 notr(L-')is (not-L)- 1 . 



If every L be u, every L- 1 is y- ' ; but every n is 1, and every n~ 

 is ]-'. 



The converse of a compound is the compound of the converses in 

 inverted order, the sign of quantity, if any, being altered in meaning. 

 Thus I.M and M~' L 1 are converses, as are LM' and M,~ ' L~', and also 

 I. ; M and M-'I.-''. 



The contrary of a compound is formed by controverting one com 

 ponent, and either adding the sign of quantity to, or removing it from, 

 the other. Thus the contrary of LM is either of the identicals L,m and 

 In': of L,M, Lm; ofLM'.lM. 



\Vhen a compound of two relations is contained in a third, the same 

 is true if the contrary of the third and of one of the components change 

 places, the remaining component being converted. And the three 

 results are identical Thus it is the same thing to say that every L M 

 is N as to say that every L~'n is m, or that every nM~' is I. 



A syllogism is the deduction of a relation between two terms from 

 the relation of each term to a third. The first figure of the logicians 

 is that of direct transition : x related to z through x related to Y and Y 

 to z. The fourth figure is that of inverted transition : x related to z 

 through z to Y and Y to x. The second figure is that of reference to 

 (the middle term) : x related to z through x to Y and z to Y. The 

 third figure is that of reference from (the middle term) : x related to z 

 through Y to x and Y to z. 



Kach figure has four phast*, distinguished by the qualities of the 

 premises. If + and signify affirmative and negative, the four phases 



are + +,+,+, : and these are the primary phases of the 



four figures. The others are as in the following table : 



Phaw. 

 2. 3. 



Figure. 



I. 



IL 



III. 



IV. 



In the first phase of the first figure inference is simple composition : 

 thus x . . L Y and Y . . u z give x . . L II z. In every other case inference 

 must be made by reduction into the first phase of the first figure. 

 Thus III. 2 has the premises Y . LX, Y . . HZ, or x . . 1 -1 Y, Y . . uz, 

 giving x . . 1~ ' M z. To give the conclusion a negative form, we must 

 write x . L ' M'Z, or x . l~'mz, the first of which is the more natural, 

 since the concluding relation is formed from those in the premises, 

 without contraversion. 



A relation is trantitive when being compounded with itself, it repro- 

 duces itself ; that is, L is transitive when every L of L is L. If one relation 

 only be employed, and that one transitive, and if we allow only those 

 phase* in which the conclusion is either the relation or its converse, 

 the syllogisms with both premises negative are no longer legitimate. 

 And the rule of distribution is as follows ; the primary phase of each 

 figure contains no convene : when one premise differs in quality from 

 that in the primary phase, the other premise must have a relation 

 converse to those of that premise and the conclusion : when both 

 premises differ in quality from those of the primary phase, the con- 

 clusion must have a relation converse to those of the premises. Thus 

 III. 2 differs in both premises from III. 1 ; accordingly Y . LX, Y . . Lz 

 givei x . L~' z : but IV. 3 differs only in the second premise from IV. 1 ; 

 and T . L~'X, z . . LT gives x . LZ. 



These hints may be useful, in connection with the article LOGIC, to 

 give an idea of the general syllogism of composition of relations, and 

 to throw that light upon the meaning of the ordinary syllogism which 

 the general always throws upon the particular, an advantage which 

 has hitherto been denied to logic. 



RELATIVE MAGNITUDE. [RATIO.] 



RELATIVE MOTION. [MOTION.] 



RELATIVE 1'RONOUN. The relative pronoun is so called because 

 it relates to some object mentioned just before, which object is 

 usually termed the antecedent. The English language possesses two 

 words for the relative pronoun, who or whi< ft, and that. The word what 

 must also be regarded as a relative, for it evidently contains the same 

 root as icho and tchic/t ; it is generally used in the sense of that 



as " Let them say what they will." The terms, who, which, and what are 

 also used as interrogatives, and contain the same root as the Sanskrit 

 ka-s, the Greek o-s, the Latin qui, the Gothic hver, &c. The term that 

 is evidently the same word as the demonstrative pronoun. In the same 

 way we find that the Greek article, which was originally a demonstra- 

 tive pronoun, is also used as a relative ; and the German language 

 likewise possesses two forms for the relative, wdcher and der, the 

 latter of which is also a demonstrative, and is the same word as the 

 English that. According to Bopp (' Vergleichende Grammatik,! p. 553), 

 the relative in Zend is also used as a demonstrative. 



In English the relative is not unfrequently omitted. Thus most 

 persons would say, " The first school I was at," and not " The first 

 school which I was at." This omission is condemned by some gram- 

 marians, but is authorised by the usage of our best writers. The 

 omission however seems only admissible in familiar speaking and 

 writing, and is a great defect in any composition of a serious or elevated 

 character. 



RELATOR. [INFORMATION.] 



RELEASE. " Releases are in divers manners, namely : releases 

 of all the right which a man hath in lands or tenements ; and releases 

 of actions personals and reals, and other things." (Litt. 444.) 



The former kind of release may be considered as a species of con- 

 veyance, and the instrument of release must be a deed. The operative 

 words of release are remise, release, renounce, and for ever quit claim 

 (an abbreviation or corruption of quietum clamasse). According to 

 Littleton ( 508) a release to a man of all demands is the best release 

 that can be made, " and shall enure most to his advantage ; " but 

 Coke remarks that "claims " is a word of still more extensive import. 

 The parties to a release are the releasor and releasee : the releasor is 

 he who quits or renounces that which he has ; the releasee is he who 

 acquires what the other gives up, but he cannot acquire anything by 

 the release, unless he has some estate in or right to the thing which 

 is the object of the release. 



Releases are either of an estate in land or of a right to land ; or 

 they are releases of things personal. Releases of estates in or rights to 

 land require to be considered separately. 



In order that a release of an estate in land may have its intended 

 effect, there must be privity of estate between the releasor and releasee ; 

 that is, the estates of the releasor and releasee must have been acquired 

 by the same conveyance or title, or the one estate must have been 

 derived immediately out of the other. There must be this privity 

 whenever the release of an estate operates either by way of enlarging 

 the estate of the releasee, or by way of passing to him the estate of 

 the releasor. 



It is not in all cases necessary that the person to whom the release 

 is made should be iu the actual possession of the land or that he should 

 have the estate immediately preceding that of the releasor. If land be 



f'ven by C, who is tenant in fee simple, to A for years, remainder to 

 for life, C may release his reversion either to A or to B : in the 

 former case A will acquire the reversion expectant on B's life estate ; 

 and in the latter case B's remainder will merge in the reversion, which 

 will become an estate in possession on the determination of A's estate. 

 This is commonly called a release which enlarges an estate ; but in the 

 case supposed, if the release is made to A, his estate is not thereby 

 enlarged, and the effect is just the same as if C made him a grant of 

 the reversion. The rule of law is undoubtedly true that " whenever a 

 release doth enure by way of enlarging an estate, there must be privity 

 of estate, as between lessor and lessee, donor and donee " (Co. Litt., 

 273, a) ; but there must also be privity, as in the case supposed, when 

 no enlargement of the estate is made by the release. If C, tenant in 

 fee simple, had originally granted the estate to B for life, and B had 

 made a lease for years to A, a release of the reversion in fee from C to 

 A would have no effect as a release, because there is no privity of 

 estate, as above defined, between A and C. Such a release may, how- 

 ever, operate as a grant of the reversion, if there are sufficient words 

 for that purpose. When lands are in possession of a lessee at will, for 

 years, or for life, or of an assignee of such lessee, the lessor may 

 release either to the lessee himself, or to his assignee. But a release 

 by the original lessor to an under-lessee, as above stated, will not 

 operate as a release. 



In order that the release may operate to the enlargement of the 

 estate of the releasee, it must contain proper words. Therefore if he 

 who has the fee in reversion or remainder intends to release his estate 

 x> a tenant for years or for life, he must release to such tenant and 

 lis heirs. If he simply release to the tenant for life, the releasee will 

 lave no greater estate than he had before ; and if he simply release to 

 the tenant for years, the tenant acquires the estate only for life. 

 Litt., 468.) 



If a lease is made, at common law, of lands in possession, the lessee 

 ias no estate till he enters, and therefore can accept no release from 

 .he lessor ; but a release from the lessor to the lessee before entry of all 

 lis right in the land, extinguishes the rent. 



A release may operate by passing the releasor 's estate to the releasee, 

 without enlarging the estate which the releasee already has ; and this 

 takes place in the case of joint tenants and coparceners. Joint tenants 

 of an estate have one undivided title, and they can only convey their 

 estates to one another by release. Coparceners have only one title, for 

 they all make one heir, but they also transmit to their heirs separate 



