uiv. 



REMA I N i 



-' over the laws of nature b 

 , or an aequsintanos ith fut 

 n knowledge, these mirmols* aw 



tTBrtmrr of a superior Being, from wh 



Uw compass of human 



pow, or an aequsintanos it uture eTcnU Iwyood the reach of 

 human knowledge, these mirmols* awl prophecies would prove the 



ey had received the power 



to perform the on* and the foreknowledge implied in the other. 

 Thu. the revelation iUelf furnishes a pr...f ..| the existence of the 

 before unknown revealer. We do not inquire whether the divine 

 U really provr.1 in rither ur all of them different way*, 

 object ( thu article is to explain the nature of religion, 

 not to establish ita truth. 



The belief in a Ood lead* at onoe to the practice of wonUontftl 

 him. ..n the very aame principte on which all dependants honour and 

 ! k up to thoae in whoat power they are placed. 



The existence of a Qod onoe proved, the n.-\t question i, In what 

 relation do we itaad to him ' Are any laws laid down i 

 conduct ' Are we reapooaible to him for keeping or breaking thoe 

 law* ' Are any reward* and punishments a] >| minted for obedience and 

 dieobedifacet 



To these questions it doea not appear that natural religion can give 

 . -TV : ! ' 



aJuiirable work, ' The Analogy of Religion. Natural and llerealed, to 

 the Constitution and Course of Nature,' without being astonished at 

 the amount of information on them lubjecti which it u there shown 

 that the contemplation of natural phenomena reveals. .It seems alao 

 that a general undefined notion of rv.puin<il>ility u associated in nearly 

 all human mind* with the idea of divine existence, at least a aenae of 

 responsibility sufficient to excite pleaaurc when we do what we bcliere 

 to be good, and remorae when we do what we believe to be evil. 

 Again, the connection which we find generally existing between vice 

 and misery on the one hand, and virtue and happiness on the other, 

 imprraam upon us the idea that there doea exist such a thing as retri- 

 butive justice. But at this point we encounter the great difficulty of 

 natural religion. Though the general law according to which the 

 attain of the world appear to be governed is, that virtue is followed by 

 happiness and vice by misery ; and though a full knowledge of the 

 circumstances of every case which appears an exception to that law 

 might show us that more real happiness is enjoyed by a virtuous 

 unerer than by a prosperous sinner, yet it cannot be. denied that daily 

 experience furnishes us with exception* to thi Uw, numerous enough 

 to throw great doubt upon its reality, if the period of human 

 existence ends with the prceent life. Accordingly we find the doctrine 

 of a future state forming a part of all religious systems, and generally 

 connected with some notion of rewards and puniahmenU. 



Now, if there be a supreme moral governor who rules the world by 

 filed laws, who has appointed rewards and punishments as the recom- 

 pense for obedience and disobedience, and who has constituted man so 

 that he shall exist in a future state to receive that recompense, the 

 question is naturally suggested whether there be any means by which 

 the consequences of disobedience may be averted. Justice must be an 

 attribute of the ruler of the universe, and natural religion affords us 

 sufficient proofs of his goodness to justify us in believing that he is 

 also willing to show mercy. The question that remains to be answered 

 is, how bis mercy can be shown without injury to his justice ; and the 

 importance of this question is enhanced by the consideration that the 

 great majority of mankind (experience would justify us, apart from 

 the Christian doctrine of universal depravity, in saying all mankind) 

 need the divine forgiveneas for at least some actions of their lives. 

 It is the highest province of religion to furnish an answer to this 

 question ; and here natural religion entirely fails us, for if left to it, 

 the utmost we could do would be to rest in the exercise of an humble 

 faith that some provision has been nude by Qod for the just forgive- 

 ness of our sins, though the nature of that provision be unknown to 

 us. The matter belongs to revealed religion, and accordingly wo find 

 in nearly every religion professing to have a divine origin, and in many 

 others, the doctrine of an atonement ; that is, of a satisfaction for sin, 

 in virtue of which the actual transgressor may be released from the con- 

 sequence* of his guilt. 



These, then, are the element* which seem to be contained in any 

 religion suited to the wants of man ; that there exists a supreme Being 

 who possesses absolute power over man and the material universe, and 

 all creatures therein, and who is to be worshipped by all his rational 

 creatures ; that he has laid down laws for our conduct, by our 

 obedience or disobedience to which we subject ourselves to a recom- 

 pense of reward or punishment, which recompense is awarded partially 

 in the present life, but more completely in a future state, in which we 

 are so constituted as to exist after death ; that a provision hat been 

 made on behalf of those who feel that their conduct has subjected 

 them to the divine displeasure, by availing themselves of which they 

 may escape the consequences of their guilt without detriment to the 

 equity of the divine government ; and lastly, that there are certain 

 practical rules of conduct by which the intercourse of men with each 

 other ought to be governed, aud by an attention to which" the stability 

 of the social system may to a great extent bo ensured. Aud all there 

 element* of religion are susceptible of proof, either from n.v 

 from human i-xpurience, or from revelation. 



I! Kl,l<,'l' AH V, a case or repository for relics. The term is usually 

 the nnaller relic-cases, those of large <li> 



' commonly dtigu.i' Whrn 



the veneration of relics had become universal in the medieval church, 

 the practice of enclosing the relic in its own special case, so as to 

 piesane it alike from danger of loas and from contact with less sacred 

 object*, was generally adopted ; and these pises, often gift* 

 churchr*, were usually of the finest workmanship of the period, and 

 sometimes of very costly matorisls, Reliquaries are among the moat 

 prised remains of medieval art-workmanship now preserved in the 

 eoolmiastioal treasuries of the continent ami in public museums. 

 vary of course widely in pecuniary and ai <. aud also in size 



and form. Those of earliest date, Byuntine in character, are fre- 

 quently of copper almost wholly enamelled ; and a common form, when 

 not a mere casket or coffin, is that of a rluppl or basilica, having on the 

 aides and ends figures of Christ and the apostles, or the legend 

 saint whose relics they enclosed. Later, the church form i 

 developed, the sides and gable-ends having, especially in French and 

 Urnuan exainpl- >. columns, arches, crocket*, pinnacles, and even t 

 Those of tin- l".tli .-unl 1 Hi. c.-ntMii.". ..i. ..tteii exquisite s|cimens of 

 the ait of the i*riod. They are commonly of metal latten, silver- 

 gilt, or gold with figure* in relief, and enamels introduced with great 

 taste and admirably executed. Some are of wood or ivory, beautifully 

 carved. Sometimes they assume the form <( tin- relic iUelf as a head, 

 heart, hand, or foot, where they were made to contain a po> 

 of those members. The large reliquaries, or thrixtt, were 

 bronze, and, where regarded as of special sanctity, wen !,>!;. 



Ut.-d offerings of devotees. Thus the shrine of the Three 

 at Cologne was ornamented with jewels said to be of the value of nearly a 

 quarter of a million. The shrine of Thomas k Becket, at Canterbury, 

 was of almost inconceivable value. Those were, however, the real or 

 supposed tombs of the saints, and though sometimes spoken of as 

 reli. |u.irien, ore, as we said, more properly called shrines. Of reliquaries 

 proper some few examples remain in our churches, as at BrixworUi, 

 near Northampton; Yaxley, near Peterborough, ftc. Several good 

 examples of enamel, metal, and carved ivory reliquaries are in the 

 South Krmington Museum. 



REMAINDKH. An estate in remainder U defii 

 " a remnant of on estate in lands or tenements, expectant on a par- 

 ticular estate, created together with the same at one time." Ac. 

 to this definition, it must be an estate in lands or tenements, including 

 incoqmreal hereditaments, as rents and tithes ; and it is an estate 

 which at the time of it* creation is not an estate in possession, but an 

 estate the enjoyment of which U deferred. The estate in remainder 

 may exist in lands or hereditament* held for on estate of inheritance or 

 for life. It must be created at the same time with the preceding 

 estate, and by the same instrument ; but a will and a codicil are for 

 this purpose the same instrument. A remainder may be limited by 

 appointment, which U an execution of a power created by the instru- 

 ment that creates the particular estate ; for the instrument of appoint- 

 ment is legally considered as a part of the original instrument. A 

 remainder may also be created either by deed or by will ; and either 

 according to the rules of the common law, or by the operation of the 

 Statute of Uses, which is now the more usual means. 



If a man seised in fee simple grants lands to A for yean or for liiV, 

 and then to B and his heirs, B has the remainder in foe, whi. 

 present interest or estate, and he has consequently a present right to 

 the enjoyment of the lands upon the determination of A'* estate ; or, 

 in other words, he has a vested estate, which is called a vested 

 remainder. A reversion differs from a remainder in several respects. 

 He who grant* an estate or estate* out of his own estate, retains as bin 

 reversion whatever he does not grant ; and upon the determination of 

 the estate or estates which he has granted, the land revert* to him. 

 There may be several remainders and a reversion expectant on them. 

 If A, tenant in fee simple, limit* his estate to B for yearn, with 

 remainder to C for life, with remainder to D in tail, this limitation does 

 not exhaust the estate in fee simple. By the limitation B becomes 

 tenant in possession for years, C has a vested remainder for life, D a 

 vested remainder in tail, and A has the reversion in fee. If the 

 limitation by A exhaust the whole estate, a* it would have done in the 

 preceding instance if the limitation had been to C and his heirs, A has 

 no estate left. It is a necessary consequence that if a man grant* all 

 hi* estate, he can grant nothing more ; and therefore the grant of any 

 estate after an estate in fee simple is void as a remainder. Indeed 

 the word remainder implies that what is granted a* such is either 

 a port or the whole of something which still remains of the original 

 estate. 



The estate which precedes the estate in remainder or in reversion i* 

 called the particular estate, being a particula or portion of all the 

 estate which is limited ; and the particular estate may be any estate 

 except an estate at will, and an estate in fee simple. It must therefore 

 be either so estate for years, or for life, or in tall. 



Estates for years may be granted to commence at a future time ; 

 but by the rules of the common law, no estate of fr. ,)> >M . 

 created to commence at a future time. It' tin i. 

 freehold is gr.n:t. d, there must be created at the same time an 

 for years, which shall continue till tin- tii 

 the estate of freehold. 



A remainder cannot l>e granted so as not I" take ed'ect 



'in.ition of tin p.irtieid.ir e-i.itc. If ili.-i. i-:my in 



ilie particular estate and tlf ru/iamdcr in then creation, 



