RESPONDENTIA. 



RETABLE. 



wire, fixed so near together that the breath passing through them is 

 almost infinitely divided, its warmth being abstracted by the metal, 

 which, being an excellent conductor of heat, freely imparts it to the 

 fresh cold air drawn, or, as it were, filtered through it. The compact- 

 ness of the instrument is such that there is no room for the lodgment 

 of the impure air expelled from the lungs, and consequent contamina- 

 tion of that inhaled ; and the condensation of moisture on the wires 

 corrects the injurious dryness of the atmosphere in some northerly 

 wind*. 



The means by which these objects are attained in the respirator 

 display much ingenuity in contrivance, and no ordinary degree of skill 

 in the execution. The inventor considers it necessary that about 

 twenty layers of metal-work should be used, and, in order to make the 

 instrument as light and compact as possible, each layer is required to 

 be exceedingly thin. The apparatus usually consists of from eight to 

 twelve frames of sheet-silver or other metal, about three inches and a 

 half long, one inch and a half wide, and s,',,th part of an inch thick ; 

 the metal of which is pierced away by machinery so as to leave merely 

 a narrow frame containing six vertical bars of ,J,th and five horizontal 

 bars jV.th of an inch wide. On both sides of each of these frames a 

 layer of wires an inch and a half long and ^th of an inch thick is 

 soldered, care being taken to connect each wire, not only with the top 

 and bottom bars of the frame, but also with each of the five horizontal 

 bars. The wires are laid about n^th part of an inch apart, and are so 

 numerous that a large respirator of high power contains 2000 feet of 

 wire, divided into about 12,000 pieces, and soldered to the frames at 

 more than Si>,nOO distinct points. - The frames or lattices of wire-work 

 are fixed parallel to each other, and kept a short distance apart by 

 small studs of a substance which is a slow conductor of heat, so that 

 the inner layer is always kept, as nearly as possible, at the temperature 

 of the air expelled from the lungs, and each successive layer diminishes 

 in warmth . till the outer one is nearly as cold as the external air. The 

 curious and philosophical application of a non conducting medium 

 between the metallic screens is essential to the perfect action of the 

 instrument, ta without it the heat would be equally diffused, and no 

 part of the metal-work could retain more than half the temperature of 

 tin: breath. By this arrangement the air inhaled, finding each layer 

 of wire warmer than the preceding, is gradually raised, in respirators 

 of the highest power, to the greatest attainable temperature. The 

 most powerful respirators have twenty-four layers of wire-work, those 

 of medium power sixteen, and the lowest power eight. The whole of 

 the wire-work is bent into a curved form, and enclosed in a bordering 

 or case of soft leather, which is made to fit closely to the face of the 

 wearer, so as to prevent the entrance of air otherwise than through 

 the metal-work, and to hold the latter in such a position that the lips 

 do not come in contact with the wires. An outer covering of silk or 

 material is added, having an aperture in which is inserted a very 

 thin plate of silver, perforated with minute holes, and to which a dark 

 colour it imparted by a chemical operation, to serve as a screen to the 

 wire-work, u hi. li it hides without impeding the passage of air as most 

 textile fabrics would do. Recently however a very fine and open 

 woollen fabric has been made use of in lieu of the perforated plate, to 

 suit the wishes of some persons to whom the appearance of the instru- 

 ment was an objection. The common or oral respirator covers the 

 mouth only ; but a variety called the orinasal respirator encloses the 

 . also. A piece of sponge attached to the lower edge of the 

 . iicnt collects the moisture condensed from the breath, and it, as 

 the metal-work and leather mounting, may be detached from 

 the outer covering and cleaned when necessary. 

 i:i:si'()M'K.\ri A. J|;,TTOMKY.] 



KK.ST, in music, a character denoting silence ; a cessation of sound 

 equal in duration to the note represented by the rat. As there are six 

 musical characters called notes, so there are aa many rests. Ex. : 



Semiquaver Doniiscmi- 

 Ret. r[uaver Beat. 



The breve rest, to be found in old music, is a short thick Kir con- 

 necting two line*. Ex.: 



In separate vocal and instrumental parts, a character uniting three 

 lines, and indicating a rest four bars in duration, is employed. Ex. : 



The following is the manner of directing a silence, or rest, of eleven 

 bars, in any of the modern times or measures : 



RESTITUTION (in Law) of triixl*. Where a forcible entry or 



lan<U is on inquiry duly found, or after conviction under 



nn indictment for a forcible entry, the court before whom the inquiry 



i", shall cause restitution of the lands to be made to the party 



who has been turned out of possession. (Com., ' Dig..' ' Forceable 

 Entry,' D 5, &c.) 



Restitution of goods. By 7 & 8 Geo. IV., c. 29, s. 57 (re-enacting a 

 statute of Henry VIII.), if any person guilty of a felony or misdemeanor 

 in stealing, converting, or receiving any property, shall be indicted for 

 such offence by the owner or his executor, and convicted, the property 

 shall be restored, and the court shall have power to award writs of 

 restitution for the property, or order it to be restored in a summary 

 manner. If it appears, however, that a valuable security has been 

 bond Jide paid or discharged by some person liable to pay it, or beiug a 

 negotiable instrument has been bond fide taken or received by transfer 

 or delivery by some person for a valuable consideration, without any 

 reasonable ground to suspect that it had been stolen, &c., then the 

 court shall not order the restitution of such security. 



Restitution also formerly took place where the heir of one attainted 

 of treason was relieved from the consequences of the attainder. 

 (3 ' Inst.' ' Restitution.') 



RESTORATIONS, in Architecture, a term applied to drawings 

 intended to show ancient buildings according to their original design, 

 as made out from their existing remains, aided by such descriptions or 

 hints as are to be obtained from classic authors, or from the repre- 

 sentations of them on coins. The term restoration is, however, now 

 more commonly applied to the actual reconstruction of an old building, 

 where that reconstruction has for its object to reproduce the leading 

 architectural features and ornamental details, so as to resemble as 

 nearly as practicable those of the original building. In this sense . of 

 the term, a very large proportion of the Gothic churches in this country 

 have been restored during the last few years ; while many others are 

 undergoing that process. 



RESULTING USES. [USKS.] 



RESULTING TRUSTS. [TRUST AND TRUSTEE.] 



RESUSCITATION (from rauteito, to arouse, to revive), the re- 

 storing to animation of persons apparently dead. Under this term, 

 strictly speaking, should be considered the restoration of all cases of 

 suspended animation, whether arising from disease or as a result of 

 asphyxia ; yet it is chiefly made use of to designate the recovery of 

 persons from this latter condition. The symptoms, physiological con- 

 ditions, and causes of asphyxia are fully described under that head ; 

 the treatment of it generally, and of its different varieties, was reserved 

 for the present article. Although the suspension of all the" vital 

 actions of the system which takes place in asphyxia has originated from 

 the temporary interruption of a single function, yet the derangement 

 which has followed is of so complicated a nature, and extends to so 

 great a number of important organs, that the mere re-establishment of 

 the function primarily disturbed is not immediately followed by the 

 restoration of the rest, and by the removal of all the mischief. The 

 mere introduction of fresh air into the lungs cannot at once restore the 

 action of the heart, or of the diaphragm, and of the other muscles 

 which are concerned in respiration, because these muscles have lost 

 either the whole or the greater part of their irritability, in consequence 

 of having been supplied with venous instead of arterial blood. While 

 the first and principal object is to bring the blood contained in the 

 pulmonary vessels under the influence of atmospheric air, attention 

 must at the same time be paid to the state of the circulation, and to 

 the restoration of those powers by which that function, as well as 

 respiration, is to be carried on. The first of these objects can ba 

 linhed by the artificial inflation of the lungs; the second is to 

 be attempted by the judicious application of stimulants to various 

 parts of the body. The details of these processes have been already 

 given in the article DHOWNI.V;I. But asphyxia may also occur from 

 the presence of foreign bodies in the larynx, which mechanically prevent 

 the inflation of the lungs through the natural passage ; in this case the 

 operation of tracheotomy must be resorted to, and the pipe of the 

 bellows must be introduced into the windpipe through the opening 

 thus artificially made. In addition to the employment of artificial 

 respiration, and the use of external and internal stimulants, many 

 physicians have recommended blood-letting ; but besides the doubtful 

 advantage which sometimes may accrue from this practice, it is not 

 always possible, and such is especially the case if the asphyxia is of 

 long continuance. In general, the effects of blood-letting would bo 

 injurious, and it is now rarely had recourse to unless there are very 

 unequivocal indications of great pressure on the brain. Whatever may 

 be the means that we employ, they should be persevered in till the 

 signs of death are no longer equivocal. Dr. Currie, in his ' Observations 

 on Apparent Death,' recommends their being persisted in for at least 

 six hours ; the French writers mention the commencement of rigidity 

 of the limbs as the only criterion of the hopelessness of continuing our 

 efforts. The first signs of returning animation are slight convulsive 

 twitchinga in the muscles of respiration, which give rise to gaspings 

 and sighings. By degrees these spontaneous efforts become more 

 regular, and natural respiration is restored ; and together with it the 

 circulation returns. The first return to sensation is usually attended 

 with great suffering, and the utmost attention is required to guard 

 against the dangerous symptoms which sometimes show themselves at 

 this period. 



RETABLE, called most commonly by English architectural writers 

 Reredia, the screen of wood or stone placed at the back of and above 

 the altar in mediroval churches. Retablen do not appear to have come 



