UntOOBADE 





the t*| Uading Iran lh* ditohe* in tiMir mr, 

 Ih* rattva <4 Ih. iilnlin of th* covered ay ; 



rc eon*iot*d trick wall*, 

 B*rgn-op-oore, 







rhM wish loop-hoi**, in DM phew of arm., at B 

 lh sam* purpose. W* Onfwin<*h>li. fal order 





 retreat of th* 



i of the covered-way, 



DM redout*. M [Flwmrir*Tiol with parapet* '' * 18 or 14 

 (M* thick ; aoJ h. revetted th* Mm of their ditobes. in onto to 

 >th* risk of emrprbe: b* ako|cav them flank*, which h* 

 lar to ih* corered way. that Are of tight artilbrv or 

 b* directed froa UMOI against lh* may >>iU 

 wn UM HiBti of Ih* ravelin. Tbes* radouU more- 

 ~lh* aboukbr* of the besUons aod ih* portion* of the curtain 



michl b* Ma and breached by . fire directed between th* 

 ofUwDMUon* and th* teneitt**; nd their Item are direct*! 



ihcy CHUM* bt Mlad*d. Th* cre*t of their parapet b about 

 * hfeker than that of th* gbeb in their front. 



TV> MtauMid woikaMaboot* fortrw* re 



ith road tower, of maaoenr. provided with upper and lower tier* of 

 lootjhnUs for musketry. The** are called */>ijr iWsaefi ; and in 

 Mnatalemrierf* ' Fortification Perpandicobjre,' cadi towan are con- 

 tnrted to carry artilUrv within th* rampart of th* encrinu-. 



For iilimkanH hi fidd fortification, a** BLOCCHOI- sr. 



UHMMAADB, moving backwanb. a* opposed to DiRrcr. In 

 r aU motion from east to west b retrograde : thus the appa- 

 of the heaven* b retrograde, and th* earth's diurnal 

 h cause* it, b direct. 



RETURN OF CATTLE. Ac., is a term applied to the restoration of 

 caul*. Ac., distrained, to th* party by whom they were distrained, after 

 H ha* b**o (cearUiiMd that th* distress was rightfully taken. The 

 restoration of th* oattb. Ac., distrained to th* owner is not called a 

 rMon^tat a rvabria. PUIUTIJU] 



RKTL'RX OF WRITS. When prooes* [Pmocx**] issues, the party 

 to whom it b directed b commonly required to do a specified act, to 

 certify the court in what manner th* command ha* been executed, 

 and at the aam* time to produce or nraro th* process itaelf. Hence 

 the whole answer to th* process is called the return. [SHERIFF.] 



RKVKLATIOX (removal of a covering, or discovery) signifies, in 

 theology, a preternatural or extraordinary communication made by the 

 Deity to men. The evidence of a revdation may b* considered with 

 reference to the party to whom it b first and immediately made ; to 

 thos* who have their knowledge of it immediately from him ; and to 

 tho** who posses* only a recorded account of it It ahould *eem that 

 in Ih* eat* of the fin* recipient, the only evidence fully satisfactory 

 oat be something external to himself, or unequivocally presenting 

 Hadf to UM judgment of hb (ens**. If it b asked why preternatural 

 intervention b claimed in behalf of those to whom th* revdation is 

 delivered by th* first receiver of it, and dispensed with in the case of 

 those to whom only the record of it ha* descended, the answer is, that 

 a miraculous fact I* a rabbet for historical testimony ; and if con- 

 ftnaed by that, convey* to future generation* the aame kind of security 

 which it wa intended to afford to those who witaesnd it. 



In saying that a mind* b th* proper test of a revelation, we do not 

 Man to exdnde every other kind of proof. We mean only that a 

 miracle b that on* species of proof which cannot be spared. Many 

 dreumetances may b* supposed to have place in a revelation, which 

 would contribute greatly to confirm it* reality, and which might with 

 some numb have more Influence in inducing acceptance than even the 

 proof of miraculous agency. 



We bar* spoken of a miracle a* th* tost of a revelation, without 

 attempting a definition, believing the common notion of it to be 

 uffloiently accurate for onr purpose. For the distinctive character of 

 a miracle, and the possibility of proving it by evidence, the reader may 

 enfMidt UM article MIRACLE in this work, and the author* referred to 

 at th* end of it. It b presumed that the purpose of the miraculous 

 tost b evident. A certain person is converted to the belief of certain 

 truths by an appearance, undoubtedly miraculous, in the sky. The 

 miradcb to him a proof that his conversion is from Ood. He teaches 

 to other* UM tenth* which b* ha* been mad* to believ* : and in doing this 

 performs miracles. Then are a proof to them that he i* commissioned 

 by God to teach what he delivers; recorded and duly attested, they 

 prove th* aame to those who have not witnessed them. All the 

 parties, in aeeepting th* teat, would reason in the same manner, 

 nandy, that the kw* of nature could b* changed only by (,'od, the 

 anther of them, or by hb permission ; and that be would not change 

 them ornermit them to b* changed for the purpose of establishing a 



he question, " ha* a revelation been actually made r" the Chris- 

 tbnbdbvea that b* ha* an answer in the jxwsession of th.- H :. 

 Scriptures, or th* book* of th Old and New Testament. Ana 

 of the content* of the** book* and an examination of th* evidences of 

 UM Christian revdation form, of eoune, no part of th* subject of this 

 articl* : they are noticed under their respective headings. The proof* 

 which we have insisted on a* requisite to establish the reality of a 

 rivstarlon funnily, must, if rightly assigned, b* applicable to this 

 particular one. 



W* insuted on UM primary evidence of minculou* agency in the 



communication, with eorroboratinn from the matter communicated, the 

 minaoloiM agency to be *o exlal.it.-! t.. the witneaw* a* to be capable 

 of proof from testimony to other*. I'articubr rerdation* may be 

 enppoaed aeeording to the circumstance* under which they were 

 given, and the nature of their content*, to admit variou* topic* of 

 evident*; almoat all of which however will probably I . f..nn>l t . 

 raanlve lh*nia*lrai into on* or other of the** two. t!i. .!._!, .ill in<|iiireni 

 may not agree in the dataiBcation. W* ahould place for inntance 

 under the head of proof from preternatural manifestation*, the fullil- 

 meat of prophecy in oa*e* auppoaad to b* beyond th* reach of human 

 foreknowledge or conjecture ; the attested existence of persona ex- 

 hibiting qualities, moral or intellectual, in kind or degree, not exem- 

 plified or to b* expected in other* of th* human race ; conduct of 

 men, natural under the supposition that they were oonacioiu aixl li.l 

 proof of a divine commission, but otherwu* unaccountable according 

 to any known motives of human action. 



The purpoae and value of what may be called the corroborative 

 evidence aa distinguished from that founded on miraculous agency can 

 hardly be overlooked. Between th* higheet degree of certainty with 

 which a fact can be invested by evidence, and the faintest probability, 

 there b room for every ahad* of assurance. 



Now it b notorious both that different minds are differently affected 

 by the same evidence, and that some minds seem peculiarly constituted 

 by nature to admit the full force of one mode of ]>n>f. whilst they are 

 comparatively insensible to another; *p that it might happen that 

 whilst to one inquirer the testimony which supported the story of the 

 miraculous fact* seemed so strong a* to supersede the necessity of 

 confirming hb btlief in the revelation by thn evidence which the 

 matter of it might supply, and which perhaps he might be little able 

 to appreciate, another might rather feel that the miracles were so far 

 proved a* to complete the satisfaction which he had already derived 

 from the other source. 



The Christian-revelation, which may be considered as forming one 

 subject with the Jewish, from the wide field o\ , i whirh it i spread 

 and the miscellaneous character of it* content*, must necessarily 

 supply, in Urge abundance, matter for examination in the way of 

 evidence. An enumeration, which however docs not pretend even to 

 approach completeness, of the constituent part* of the body of ev 

 belonging to it, together with the proper mode of using them and 

 estimating their joint force, may be found shortly but very clearly 

 proposed in the first of Mr. Davison's 'Discourses on Pr 

 Before we leave this part of the subject, we would observe, what seems 

 sometimes to be overlooked, that an action may iUelf be a revt-l.it i. .H. 

 It would not be improper to say that the birth, death, and actions, 

 even more than the discourse* of Jeans Christ, were a revelation, of 

 which the Apostles, who taught what are called the doctrines of ( '1m- 

 tianity ,were only the interpreters. Of these doctrines it 

 busines* to treat, but we will select one as the subject of a few obser- 

 vations, merely with a view to illustrate the disposition of mind with 

 which we must necessarily regard the pretensions and evidences of a 

 professed revelation, according as we recognise, or not, n need which 

 men have of extraordinary information on the subject ; rvlui.m. TK.- 

 doctrine we select is that of the immortality of the soul nml a future 

 state of rewards and punishment*. Without assuming the probability 

 or improbability of this doctrine, we suppose it to be notorious that 

 the immortality of the soul, or some kind of continued exinU-nce after 

 bodily death, with liability to a state of happiness or Buffering, has 

 been very generally believed, in one chape or other, in all |ru and at 

 all periods of the world ; ami that this doctrine, in ditin. tly delivered 

 and prominently set forth in the New Testament. Then* is as little 

 doubt that before the time of Christianity, ritlior the notions com- 

 monly received of a future state were so irratinu.-il, IT tin- belief of 

 it so faint and unassured, that for the. most part it 1, tively 



little effect on the moral feelings nnd conduct S im>n : mid that on tin- 

 other hand, wherever the Christian revelation has Iwen published, 

 this doctrine ha* not only been firmly received with littli- variation in 

 the manner of understanding it, but has infliienrisl th. 

 many, happily or not, in the most important respects, and regulated 

 the whole course of their lives. It U plain that those \\ 1 

 the distinct and authoritative announcement of this doctrine to be 

 among the things especially needed by mankind, and those who con- 

 sidered it to be either useless or mischievous, would 1 . rently 

 impressed by the general body of evidence in favour of the revelation. 



Among profeased revelations which have been the ground of a 

 national religion, it may bo doubtful whether we should place the 

 mythological systems of ancient Greece and Rome. Tln-v an- indeed 

 avowedly foundi-d <>n traditional accounts of <vrtain 

 between gods and men; but from the nature of the tm: 

 the supernatural beings concerned in them, and tin purpotM o 

 interference, we may doubt windier the discoveries supposed to be 

 made belong to the notion of a revelation according to our definition 

 of the word, or the usual acceptation of it. The name for the most 

 part may be said of the mythology of the Hindus and of the northern 

 nations of Kuro]*-. lint there can be no doubt that the religion of 

 Mohammed, as taught in the Konfn, professes to bo founded on a 

 revelation in the strict sense of the word, such as may be subjected 

 to the aame test* which we have supposed to be applicable to all 



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